Whole-genome sequencing projects are increasingly populating the tree of life and characterizing biodiversity
. Sparse taxon sampling has previously been proposed to confound phylogenetic inference
, ...and captures only a fraction of the genomic diversity. Here we report a substantial step towards the dense representation of avian phylogenetic and molecular diversity, by analysing 363 genomes from 92.4% of bird families-including 267 newly sequenced genomes produced for phase II of the Bird 10,000 Genomes (B10K) Project. We use this comparative genome dataset in combination with a pipeline that leverages a reference-free whole-genome alignment to identify orthologous regions in greater numbers than has previously been possible and to recognize genomic novelties in particular bird lineages. The densely sampled alignment provides a single-base-pair map of selection, has more than doubled the fraction of bases that are confidently predicted to be under conservation and reveals extensive patterns of weak selection in predominantly non-coding DNA. Our results demonstrate that increasing the diversity of genomes used in comparative studies can reveal more shared and lineage-specific variation, and improve the investigation of genomic characteristics. We anticipate that this genomic resource will offer new perspectives on evolutionary processes in cross-species comparative analyses and assist in efforts to conserve species.
Summary Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of ...modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval UI 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5–89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Poverty alleviation has become one of Indonesia's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets to be achieved by 2030, with poverty placed as a primary focus in national development. This study aims ...to compare the empowerment processes undertaken by “Gerakan Ayo Kita Peduli “ and “Pusat Kesejahteraan Sosial “ (Social Welfare Center, Puskesos) in Husein Sasatranegara, Bandung. The research employs a qualitative approach with a comparative model. The findings indicate that “Gerakan Ayo Kita Peduli “ is more effective in providing empowerment due to its targeting of priority groups such as the elderly, orphans, and micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise (UMKM) practitioners. The program also enhances community capacity through the establishment of “Tokopeduli. “ On the other hand, “Puskesos “ carries out planned activities through neighborhood deliberations (musyawarah kelurahan), but it has not effectively improved living standards due to limited human resources. Both initiatives can conduct evaluations and implement improvements to achieve more effective empowerment. “Gerakan Ayo Kita Peduli “ should strengthen the educational aspect, while “Puskesos “ should enhance collaboration and community involvement. Abstrak Pengentasan kemiskinan telah menjadi salah satu target Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) yang diupayakan Indonesia untuk dicapai pada tahun 2030 dengan menempatkan kemiskinan sebagai perhatian utama dalam pembangunan nasional. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan proses pemberdayaan yang dilakukan oleh Gerakan Ayo Kita Peduli dan Pusat Kesejahteraan Sosial (Puskesos) di Kelurahan Husein Sasatranegara, Bandung. Kajian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan model komparatif. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa Gerakan Ayo Kita Peduli lebih optimal dalam memberikan pemberdayaan karena menyasar kelompok prioritas seperti lansia, yatim dhuafa, dan penggiat UMKM. Program ini juga meningkatkan kapasitas masyarakat dengan pembentukan Tokopeduli. Puskesos juga memiliki kegiatan terencana melalui musyawarah kelurahan, namun belum efektif meningkatkan taraf hidup karena keterbatasan sumber daya manusia. Keduanya dapat melakukan evaluasi dan perbaikan untuk mencapai pemberdayaan yang lebih efektif. Gerakan Ayo Kita Peduli perkuat aspek pendidikan, sementara Puskesos tingkatkan kolaborasi dan keterlibatan masyarakat.
Objective To characterize the technical performance of a multisample ultrasound point shear wave elastography (pSWE) technique that allows 15 individual measurements of liver stiffness in a single ...acquisition. Methods In 56 overweight and obese adults, research ultrasound examinations were performed using conventional pSWE and multisample pSWE (Sequoia; Siemens Healthineers). Five independent measurements were acquired with the conventional technique over five consecutive breath holds (5C1 and DAX transducers). A single multisample acquisition (DAX transducer) of up to 15 unique measurements was acquired during a single breath hold. All imaging was performed before (baseline) and after a “coffee break” (repeat). Median liver stiffness measurements between techniques and between baseline and repeat imaging were compared using Pearson correlation ( r ) and intra‐class correlation (ICC) coefficients. Results Mean participant age was 33.7 ± 11.4 years; 40 participants were female. There was high correlation between conventional pSWE measurements obtained using the 5C1 and DAX transducers at baseline ( r = .75 95% CI: 0.61–0.85, P < .0001) and repeat ( r = .88 95% CI: 0.78–0.92, P < .0001). There was moderate agreement between conventional pSWE measurements obtained using the 5C1 and DAX transducers at baseline (ICC = 0.69 95% CI: 0.52–0.81), and good agreement at repeat (ICC = 0.81 95% CI: 0.65–0.90). There was moderate correlation ( r = .59 95% CI: 0.39–0.74, P < .0001) and moderate agreement (ICC = 0.58 95% CI: 0.38–0.73) between baseline conventional and multisample pSWE measurements acquired using the DAX transducer; there was high correlation ( r = .73 95% CI: 0.57–0.83, P < .0001) and moderate agreement (ICC = 0.72 95% CI: 0.56–0.82 between techniques at repeat. There was moderate correlation ( r = .65 95% CI: 0.46–0.78, P < .0001) and moderate agreement (ICC = 0.64 95% CI: 0.45–0.77) between baseline and repeat multisample pSWE measurements. Conclusions Multisample pSWE, allowing up to 15 measurements in a single breath hold, showed moderate to high correlation and moderate agreement with conventional pSWE.
A comparative study on combustion characteristics and performance of a dual-fuel engine fueled with natural gas/methanol and natural gas/gasoline was conducted experimentally. All experiments were ...performed at an engine speed of 1600 r·min−1 with a brake mean effective pressure of 0.387 MPa. Energy substitution ratio (ESR) was defined as the energy released by methanol or gasoline to the total energy released. Four ESRs namely 0, 19, 33, and 44 % were conducted in this study. The results demonstrated that both methanol and gasoline addition accelerated the burning rate of natural gas, leading to an increased peak cylinder pressure (Pmax) and maximum heat release rate (HRRmax). The corresponding crank angle of Pmax and HRRmax advanced and approached to top dean center after methanol or gasoline enrichment for the specific spark timing (θig) and ESR. In addition, as the ESR grew from 0 % to 44 % with a θig of 25 °CA BTDC, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased from 27.3 % to 28.1 % for the natural gas/methanol mixture. In contrast, BTE reduced from 27.3 % to 25.5 % for the natural gas/gasoline mixture. The total hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions of natural gas engines can be lowered by adding methanol and raised by inputting gasoline.
•A comparative analysis was conducted on natural gas engine with methanol and gasoline addition.•Brake thermal efficiency increased by adding methanol, but decreased by inputting gasoline.•BSTHC and BSCO emissions were lowered by adding methanol, but raised by inputting gasoline.
The COVID-19 outbreak raised questions about how people experience their mental health, quality of life (QoL), wellbeing and loneliness in the context of social distancing, and the use of social ...media during this time
To examine the experience of mental health, QoL, wellbeing and loneliness and use of social media among people living in Norway, USA, UK and Australia.
A cross-country comparative survey of people living in Norway, USA, UK and Australia. Relevant statistical analyses were used to examine differences between the countries and to explore associations between demographic, mental health and psychosocial variables and use of social media.
There were 3810 respondents from four countries, of which 50 − 74% showed a high level of emotional distress. The Norwegian population reported significantly better mental health, QoL and wellbeing and lower levels of loneliness compared to the other countries. High-frequent use of social media after the COVID-19 outbreak was associated with poorer mental- and psychosocial health.
The results suggest that the COVID-19 outbreak took a toll on people's experience of mental health, QoL, wellbeing and experienced loneliness, and high-frequent use of social media was associated with these factors.
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•Biochar-ferrospinel AFe2O4 nanocomposites were synthesized for PAA activation.•The applied AOP system efficiently degraded CBZ and other PhACs under mild conditions.•CH3C(O)OO ...radicals were identified the dominant active species for CBZ degradation.•Excellent stability and magnetic separability of biochar-CoFe2O4 were observed.•Mechanistic studies were performed using techniques such as In-situ ATR-FTIR.
Peracetic acid (PAA)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are promising technologies for the efficient treatment of persistent contaminants in wastewater. In this study, three different magnetic biochar (BC)-ferrospinel AFe2O4 (A = Cu, Co, or Mn) nanocomposites were synthesized through a combined sol–gel/pyrolysis process for the activation of PAA to degrade carbamazepine (CBZ). The following order of efficiency was observed for CBZ degradation in the presence of PAA: BC-CoFe2O4 (100 %) > BC-MnFe2O4 (7 %) ≈ BC-CuFe2O4 (7 %). In addition, 0.8 mM PAA, 0.3 g/L catalyst, nearly neutral pH, and 333 K were identified as the optimal operating parameters for the degradation of 1 mg/L CBZ in the BC-CoFe2O4/PAA system. Mechanistic studies revealed that CH3C(O)OO radicals are the dominant active species for the degradation of CBZ in the BC-CoFe2O4/PAA system, and the continuous conversion of Co(II) to Co(III) in this system is responsible for the generation of these radicals. In addition, the water matrices (e.g., humic acid (20 mg/L), NaCl (0.05 M), and NaNO3 (0.01 M)) played negligible roles in the degradation of CBZ in the BC-CoFe2O4/PAA system. This system exhibited highly selective and reactive degradation of organic pollutants with electron-rich groups (e.g., CBZ (0.36 min−1), sulfamethoxazole (0.12 min−1), and diclofenac (0.28 min−1)). Furthermore, the degradation products of CBZ were identified, and possible degradation pathways and toxicity of these transformation products were proposed. The BC-CoFe2O4/PAA system demonstrated outstanding degradation performance in dynamic systems and real wastewater treatment applications. This study describes the performance of an efficient and easy-to-separate catalyst for the activation of PAA. This study facilitates the development and application of PAA-based AOPs for wastewater treatment.
Submarine cable is an important equipment for data communication and power transmission in power systems, which has a complex laying environment. According to its structure, submarine cables can be ...divided into two types, single-core cables and three-core cables. In practical engineering, cable selection is crucial to ensure the safe and stable operation of the cable and reduce the cost. The present work compares the ampacity of 500 kV single-core cable and three-core cable with the same conductor cross-section area under certain laying conditions. And the temperature rise situation of the three-core cable and the single-core cable is compared under the application of the same current. The results reveals that the ampacity of the three-core cable is less than one-core cable under certain laying situations. And the maximum ampacity reduction of the three-core cable is 28.96%. Furthermore, the highest temperature rise point of the three-core cable is the air section of the J-tube, and the maximum temperature reaches 130.07°C.
•An in-depth analysis of feature extraction from EIS is provided for SOH estimation.•Three features in SOH estimation are constructed using knowledge of battery EIS.•The Gaussian process regression ...is employed to realize the battery SOH estimation.•A comprehensive assessment of EIS features in SOH estimation is carried on.•The proposed SOH estimation is adaptive to different aging conditions.
Battery state of health (SOH) estimation is a critical but challenging demand in advanced battery management technologies. As an essential parameter, battery impedance contains valuable electrochemical information reflecting battery SOH. This study investigates a systematic comparative study of three categories of features extracted from battery electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in SOH estimation. The three representative features are broadband EIS feature, model parameter feature, and fixed-frequency impedance feature. Based on the deduced EIS features, a machine learning technique using Gaussian process regression is adopted to estimate battery SOH. The battery aging and electrochemical tests for commercial 18650-type batteries are performed, in which the constant and dynamic discharging conditions are considered during battery aging. The battery life-cycle capacity and EIS data are collected for the machine learning model. The performance of the constructed features is investigated and comprehensively compared in terms of estimation accuracy, certainty, and efficiency. Experimental results highlight that using the fixed-frequency impedance feature can realize outstanding performance in battery SOH estimation. The average of the maximum absolute errors for different cells under different aging conditions is within 2.2%.
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