There is little research on voters who display incongruent preferences, that is, those who prefer a leader from another party than their preferred one. We address two questions. How many voters ...prefer a leader from another party? Do these incongruent voters vote for their preferred party or leader? We use the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) data sets covering 83 legislative elections over a time period of 20 years (1996–2016). We find that 17% of the electorate typically prefer a leader from another party. In that group, the vast majority (80%) end up supporting their preferred party while 20% of voters support their preferred leader. We find that partisans and those located at the extremes of the political spectrum tend to have more congruent preferences. Moreover, the proportion of incongruent voters who cast their vote for their preferred leader is higher in less established and less polarized countries as well as among non-partisans. We discuss the implications of our findings for our understanding of the role of parties and leaders in contemporary democracies.
•Cyber-physical systems are exposed to both safety and security risks•STPA-Extension and UFoI-E are systematic safety and security co-analysis methods•A framework to compare these methods evaluates ...completeness and effort required•For a similar effort, the relative completeness of each method varies in scope•A tailored combination of these methods leverages their particular strengths
Emerging challenges in cyber-physical systems (CPSs) have been encouraging the development of safety and security co-analysis methods. These methods aim at mitigating the new risks associated with the convergence of safety-related systemic flaws and security-related cyber-attacks that have led to major losses in CPSs. Although several studies have reviewed existing safety and security co-analysis methods, only a few empirical studies have attempted to compare their strengths and limitations to guide risk analysis in practice. This paper bridges the gap between two novel safety and security co-analysis methods and their practical implementations. Namely, this paper compares a novel extension of the System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA-Extension) and the Uncontrolled Flows of Information and Energy (UFoI-E) method through a common case study. In our case study, the CPS under analysis is a conceptual autonomous ship. We conducted our comparative study as two independent teams to guarantee that the implementation of one method did not influence the other method. Furthermore, we developed a comparative framework that evaluates the relative completeness and the effort required in each analysis. Finally, we propose a tailored combination of these methods, exploiting their unique strengths to achieve more complete and cost-effective risk analysis results.
Aim
Existing evidence links social isolation with poor health. To examine differences in the mortality risk by social isolation, and in socio‐economic correlates of social isolation, we analyzed ...large‐scale cohort studies in Japan and England.
Methods
Participants were drawn from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). We analyzed the 10‐year mortality among 15 313 JAGES participants and 5124 ELSA respondents. Social isolation was measured by two scales, i.e., scoring the frequency of contact with close ties, and a composite measurement of social isolation risk. We calculated the population attributable fraction, and Cox regression models with multiple imputations were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality due to social isolation.
Results
The proportion of those with contact frequency of less than once a month was 8.5% in JAGES and 1.3% in ELSA. Males, older people, those with poor self‐rated health, and unmarried people were significantly associated with social isolation in both countries. Both scales showed that social isolation among older adults had a remarkably higher risk for premature death (less frequent contact with others in JAGES: hazard ratio HR = 1.18, 95% confidence interval CI: 1.05–1.33, in ELSA: HR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.85–1.89; and high isolation risk score in JAGES: HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.12–1.50, in ELSA: HR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.52–2.73). The population attributable fraction showed less frequent contact with close ties was attributed to about 18 000 premature deaths annually in Japan, in contrast with about 1800 in England.
Conclusions
Negative health impacts of social isolation were higher among older Japanese compared with those in England. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 209–214.
Summary
Inerter‐based dampers (IBDs) have been proposed to enhance the efficiency of conventional tuned mass dampers (TMDs) in controlling wind‐induced vibration of civil structures recently. In this ...paper, four different IBDs, with each featuring a specific combination of dashpot–spring elements in series or in parallel with the inerter device, are applied to control the vortex‐induced vibration (VIV) of long‐span bridges. The governing equations of the bridge–IBD system under the effect of VIV are established, and the strategy to optimize the IBD parameters is proposed. The performances of different IBDs in terms of mitigating the VIV response of the deck, the stroke of mass block, the static deformation of spring due to gravity, the reaction force of IBDs on the bridge deck, and the robustness of the system (the control efficiency against the deviation of design parameters from their optimal values) are systematically evaluated and compared. Through this comparative study, the superiorities of IBDs to conventional TMDs in bridge VIV control are illustrated, and two feasible layouts of IBDs that are suitable for bridge VIV control are suggested. On the basis of these results, the guideline for VIV‐resistance design of long‐span bridges with the help of IBDs is also proposed.
Financial diagnosis is based on capitalizing on the information provided by accounting, by means of static analysis indicators and dynamic analysis techniques, so that the state of health of a ...business should be estimated as faithfully as possible. Following the diagnosis, the identified strengths must be perpetuated, and the weaknesses, improved. Their appraisal in light of the diagnosis is made at financial position level, emphasized by the statement of assets, liabilities and equity, at level of performances, respectively, emphasized by the statement of income and expense. Statically, reporting type indicators (structure, liquidity, solvency, profitableness, management/rotation) are extremely relevant, and dynamically, the chain base techniques (absolute deviation, relative deviation, increase/decrease rate, average increase/decrease rhythm). The article hereby presents a case study regarding two companies in Arad county which carry out manufacturing activities at local level, from the milk and meat industry. The Western area, of which Arad county has a vast tradition with regard to local products, taking into account the fact that it represents a multicultural and multiethnic space.
Legality of Electronic Notary Deeds Manu Saputra, Made Bagus Dewaana
Traektorii͡a︡ nauki : mezhdunarodnyĭ ėlektronnyĭ nauchnyĭ zhurnal,
1/2024, Letnik:
10, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This research analyses the legality of electronic notarial deeds in Indonesia according to the UUJN and ITE laws. Then, a comparative study is carried out against the United States based on the Model ...Electronic Notarial Act and the Securing Act. The research uses normative methods. The research results show that if viewed from the UUJN and ITE Law, the Electronic Notarial Deed is not valid in Indonesia but is valid and recognized in the United States based on the Model Electronic Notarial Act and strengthened by the Securing Act. There are many similarities and differences regarding the legality of Electronic Notarial Deeds in Indonesia and the United States. However, it is hoped that Indonesia can harmonize the laws and regulations relating to Electronic Notarial Deeds and keep up with current developments so that Electronic Notarial Deeds can be recognized and declared valid/legal.
Deliberative democratic theorists and practitioners have increasingly taken constitution-making as an object of study and a target for action. Yet they most often lack a comprehensive picture of the ...variety of, and narratives about, constitutional deliberative events. I therefore undertake a systematic inventory of what I call the manifestations and trajectories of deliberative constitution-making. First, I conduct a literature review to defend my claim that deliberative constitutionalists have not yet provided an adequate event-typology. I also identify three institutional design features – connectivity, complementarity, cyclicality – to which event organizers should be particularly sensitive. Second, I explain my methodology and case-selection from the ConstDelib country reports and identify three variables which track the similarities and differences in constitutional deliberative events: the sequencing of the event in a constitution-making timeline; the anticipated event output; whether constitution-making actors have a duty of response to the output. Third, I explain how the interaction between these variables yields four manifestations of constitutional deliberative events: depending on the convener, these may manifest as “inside” or “outside” versions of “constitutional convention”, “quality control”, “value mapping”, or “institutional experiment”. Fourth, I suggest that narratives about a polity’s practice of deliberative constitution-making may be framed in terms of three broad trajectories: quasi-institution; ad hocery; facade. Fifth, I put forward a menu of four general recommendations and four type-specific standards to improve event outcomes and align events and public expectations. All together, these resources contribute to the formation of a critical theory of deliberative constitution-making.
It has been suggested that more globalized cities are more polarized and segregated than other cities. However, this is mainly evidenced by advanced capitalist cities and other selected developed ...cities, while less developed cities are clearly under-researched. This paper draws on both developed and less developed cities in Guangdong province, and asks how socio-economic segregation levels differ among cities of varying economic development levels. We find that, contrary to expectation, less developed cities are showing higher levels of segregation than well-developed cities. We suggest that the key contributing factor is that the well-developed cities in Guangdong province are characterized by manufacturing-dominant economic structures and industrialization-based economic transformation. Correspondingly, their occupational structures are predominantly characterized by employees with a recent agricultural background; the restructuring process is therefore dominated by professionalization of the lower class. The stronger and faster industrialization and professionalization processes produce lower segregation levels in those more developed cities.
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