Regulatory discretion is a central concept in the study of the regulatory state. Yet little attention has been paid to the origins of regulatory discretion, and how it varies across polities, policy ...areas, and over time. This paper presents a conceptualization of regulatory discretion that draws on three dimensions: delegation, content, and procedure. It argues that to measure regulatory discretion in legislation, we need to identify provisions that delegate regulatory powers to governments and then examine the extent to which exercising regulatory powers is constrained. Using Natural Language Processing techniques, this paper presents descriptive findings of the dynamics of regulatory discretion in the United Kingdom between 1900 and 2020. The findings portray how discretion has been constrained and formalized over the years through the content of regulations, while it has still retained high levels of flexibility in exercising regulatory powers. In doing so, the findings illustrate the rise of the British regulatory state through its legislative language.
In this article, we integrate two constructionist approaches-the theory of constructed emotion and rational constructivism-to introduce several novel hypotheses for understanding emotional ...development. We first discuss the hypothesis that emotion categories are abstract and conceptual, whose instances share a goal-based function in a particular context but are highly variable in their affective, physical, and perceptual features. Next, we discuss the possibility that emotional development is the process of developing emotion concepts, and that emotion words may be a critical part of this process. We hypothesize that infants and children learn emotion categories the way they learn other abstract conceptual categories-by observing others use the same emotion word to label highly variable events. Finally, we hypothesize that emotional development can be understood as a concept construction problem: a child becomes capable of experiencing and perceiving emotion only when her brain develops the capacity to assemble ad hoc, situated emotion concepts for the purposes of guiding behavior and giving meaning to sensory inputs. Specifically, we offer a predictive processing account of emotional development.
Epilogue: The view from here Hall, Melvin E.
New directions for evaluation,
12/2023, Letnik:
2023, Številka:
180
Journal Article
This NDE volume has recounted the legacy of Stafford Hood from multiples angles of vision. This Epilogue centers the original 1998 conceptualization of culturally responsive evaluation and discusses ...how a diverse professional community came together to dialogue, debate, reflect, and create, fleshing out culturally responsive evaluation and assessment in both theory and practice. Three conference themes—from CREA I, CREA V, and CREA VII—illustrate these critical conversations. The Epilogue closes with Stafford's exhortations on our responsibilities as culturally responsive evaluators and assessment specialists.
Research on the topic of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) continues to proliferate. Nonetheless, the conceptualization and measurement of this construct are matters of ongoing discussion and debate, ...and construct-specific advice with respect to the generation high value-added EO research is sparse. This editorial is aimed at providing guidance to EO researchers in three areas: (a) EO’s conceptualization(s) and position as they relate to the larger set of corporate entrepreneurship-related constructs, (b) EO’s measurement challenges and possibilities, and (c) suggested guidance and directions for future EO research.
Précis
Dans les dernières décennies, les spécialistes en relations industrielles (RI) n’ont cessé de préconiser une meilleure intégration de leurs théories et de leurs recherches empiriques sur le ...conflit à celles de leur discipline voisine, le comportement organisationnel (CO). La réalisation d’un tel objectif s’est néanmoins révélée un défi constant. Cet article offre une nouvelle perspective sur la quête de cette intégration par l’entremise d’une catégorisation des normes conceptuelles distinctes et dissemblables du conflit en RI et en CO, laquelle amène à conclure que les conceptualisations du conflit dans ces deux disciplines reposent sur des logiques inconciliables. Toutefois, même si ces logiques divergentes rendent impossible une conceptualisation unifiée du conflit, une meilleure compréhension de leur caractère inconciliable pourrait mener à un renforcement du dialogue et, à terme, à une discussion fructueuse entre les chercheurs en RI et en CO.
Résumé
Dans les dernières décennies, les spécialistes en relations industrielles (RI) n’ont cessé de préconiser une meilleure intégration de leurs théories et de leurs recherches empiriques sur le conflit à celles de leur discipline voisine, le comportement organisationnel (CO). La réalisation d’un tel objectif s’est néanmoins révélée un défi constant.
Le présent article offre une nouvelle perspective sur la quête de cette intégration par l’entremise d’une catégorisation des normes conceptuelles distinctes et dissemblables du conflit en RI et en CO : en RI, le conflit est normalement spatial et son existence est généralement déterminée par l’observateur (c.-à-d. les chercheurs), tandis qu’en CO le conflit est approché de manière temporelle et déterminé par le sujet observé (c.-à-d. les parties du milieu de travail, tels les individus, les équipes ou les organisations.)
En outre, cet article soutient que les normes conceptuelles du conflit en RI et en CO reposent sur des logiques distinctes et inconciliables. En RI, la norme est associée à une logique spatiale axée sur l’observateur (SO), tandis qu’en CO, la norme se caractérise par une logique temporelle axée sur les parties (TP). L’approche conceptuelle SO conçoit le conflit de manière spatiale en tant que situation ou état de fait qui peut être déterminé par un chercheur ou un autre observateur. Le conflit en tant que tel se conceptualise comme une réalité existant spatialement entre des intérêts, des valeurs ou des objectifs opposés. Parallèlement, la logique TP, qui constitue la norme pour la recherche en CO, conçoit le conflit comme un processus temporel entre des parties opposées qui en déterminent le commencement et la fin. Bien qu’une conceptualisation unifiée du conflit apparaisse impossible face à ces logiques divergentes, une meilleure compréhension de leur caractère inconciliable pourrait faciliter un renforcement du dialogue et, à terme, mener à un dialogue fructueux entre les chercheurs en RI et ceux en CO.
Perceptual decision making (PDM) has been studied using two approaches. Threshold measurement is predominant used in psychophysics, while reaction times (RT) with associated models have been used to ...estimate components of PDM (i.e., drift rate). To test if these two approaches reflect overlapping mechanisms, we conducted 3 experiments: a motion, a static orientation, and a dynamic orientation task. DT is the shortest stimulus presentation time sufficient to make accurate perceptual decisions. RTs and choices were fitted by a drift diffusion model (DDM). We expected a close relationship between DTs and drift rates, allowing us to accurately predict DTs from RT. In the motion task, we found a close relation between the empirical DTs and the DTs predicted by the DDM. Surprisingly, in the static task, there was little correlation between the two; DTs, improved monotonically with higher contrast, but drift rates saturated at 6%. We hypothesize that this mismatch is due to the information being available immediately in the static task, without needing to accumulate new evidence. Thus, we developed a novel dynamic orientation task that mimics the dynamic nature of the motion task and found a similar relation between DTs and drift rates. In summary, we show a close link between DTs and drift rate for the two dynamic tasks. This result supports the conceptualization of drift rate as a proxy for perceptual sensitivity but only for task where new information becomes available over time.
Strategic CSR: A Concept Building Meta‐Analysis Vishwanathan, Pushpika; van Oosterhout, Hans (J.); Heugens, Pursey P. M. A. R. ...
Journal of management studies,
March 2020, Letnik:
57, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This study develops the concept of Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility (Strategic CSR) by meta‐analyzing the available empirical evidence on the relationship between CSR and corporate financial ...performance (CFP). Using meta‐analytic structural equation modeling on effect size data from 344 primary studies, our study documents four empirical mechanisms explaining how CSR positively affects CFP: by 1) enhancing firm reputation, 2) increasing stakeholder reciprocation, 3) mitigating firm risk, and 4) strengthening innovation capacity. We propose these four mechanisms to identify four causally relevant attributes that allow us to conceptually distinguish Strategic CSR from CSR more generally. Our findings indicate that the four mechanisms combined explain 20 per cent of the CSR‐CFP relationship, suggesting that considerable room remains for future empirical research. The development of an empirically informed, causal conceptualization of Strategic CSR responds to a long‐heard call for better‐specified concepts in empirical CSR research.
Interest has burgeoned, in recent years, in how social networks influence individual creativity and innovation. From both the theoretical and empirical points of view, this increased attention has ...generated many inconsistencies. In this article we propose that a conceptualization of the idea journey encompassing phases that the literature has so far overlooked can help solve existing tensions. We conceptualize four phases of the journey of an idea, from conception to completion: idea generation, idea elaboration, idea championing, and idea implementation. We propose that a creator has distinct primary needs in each phase: cognitive flexibility, support, influence, and shared vision, respectively. Individual creators successfully move through a phase when the relational and structural elements of their networks match the distinct needs of the phase. The relational and structural elements that are beneficial for one phase, however, are detrimental for another. We propose that in order to solve this seeming contradiction and the associated paradoxes, individual creators have to change interpretations and frames throughout the different phases. This, in turn, allows them to activate different network characteristics at the appropriate moment and successfully complete the idea journey from novel concept to a tangible outcome that changes the field.
Abstract
Meta-theoretical focus is given to how communication researchers are approaching and hypothesizing moderation. A moderation typology is offered and an evaluation of the field’s common ...practices for positing moderation reveals an inability to discern between three overarching classifications (Contributory, Contingent, Cleaved). A content analysis of eight communication journals reveals moderation hypotheses lacking a level of precision that can best aid the field’s knowledge generation. In addition, vague hypothesizing is leaving communication researchers vulnerable to the commitment of Type III error (i.e., correctly rejecting a null hypothesis for the wrong reason). Recommendations are provided in an effort to improve the field’s conceptualization and presentation of moderation.
The conceptualization of social equity in public administration and emergency management has been subjective to the user of the term. While the vagueness of the concept provides fertile grounds for ...intellectual debate, the failure to arrive at a single and formal definition leads to confusion and an inability to measure it as a programmatic or policy goal. For emergency management, how scholars define social equity within research is profoundly important for assessing and making recommendations related to governmental practices that have social equity as its guiding principle. To address this detrimental definitional situation, this research analyzes 15 years of social equity related peer‐reviewed articles in highly ranked emergency management journals. This manuscript concludes with a proposed working definition of social equity, recommendations to measure the concept, and a discussion of its implications for future research and practice.
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