Over the past 30 years there has been considerable research on the political economy of reform. Yet despite this, little is known about strategies for managing the politics of changemoving from a ...bad to a better equilibrium. Part of the challenge of studying this issue stems from the difficulty of obtaining detailed, so-called blow-by-blow information on actual reform processes. From this type of information, one can discern and cull practical lessons on strategy, which by its very nature is about dealing with political barriers or problems as they crop up during the implementation process. This study looks at the sequence of events that ultimately led to the passage of legislation that markedly altered the rules that govern public procurement in the Philippines. The study attempts to distill operationally useful lessons for managing the politics of a reform process.
Ugovor o faktoringu je pravni posao kupoprodaje postojeće nedospjele ili buduće kratkoročne novčane tražbine nastale iz osnova ugovora o prodaji robe ili pružanju usluga u zemlji i inostranstvu, koja ...se prenosi na faktora ugovorom i koji preuzima potraživanje od prodavca da bi to naplatio u svoje ime i za svoj račun. Ugovor o faktoringu mora biti zaključen u pisanoj formi između klijenta (prodavca) i faktora. O zaključenom ugovoru dužnik mora biti obaviješten na pouzdan način. Buduće tražbine mogu biti predmet faktoringa samo ako su u trenutku sklapanja ugovora bile dovoljno odredive. Osnovne funkcije faktoringa su funkcija finansiranja, usluge i osiguranja naplate.
When all parties involved in the construction process fully understand their roles and are able to anticipate potential points of conflict, disputes and delays will be minimised.The Employer’s and ...Engineer’s Guide to the FIDIC Conditions of Contractsets out the essential administrative requirements of a FIDIC based contract by reference to the FIDIC 1999 Red Book.The obligations and duties of the Employer and the Engineer are identified and discussed. Potential pitfalls are highlighted and likely consequences pointed out.The importance of the Employer’s role in the preparation of tenders, which fully reflect his requirements and duties and obligations arising in the execution of the works, is emphasised. The key role of the Engineer in the effective administration of contracts after award is examined and commentary provided.Included in the guide are a number of appendices, including model letters which will be of value to less experienced staff (particularly those whose mother-tongue is not the English language).Engineers, quantity surveyors and project managers engaged in the contractual administration of international projects using FIDIC forms of contract will find the concise guidance in simple and jargon-free language provided here invaluable.This, together with the author’s earlier book, Contractor’s Guide to the FIDIC Conditions of Contract - which describes the duties, rights and responsibilities of the Contractor – represents the totality of supervision, design and execution of construction projects executed under the FIDIC Conditions of Contract.This book’s companion website offers invaluable resources to freely download, adapt and use:Model letters for use by the EmployerModel letters for use by the ContractorSample Interim Payment CertificateModel Form for Submissions to the EngineerModel Form of Engineer’s Order for Varied WorksModel Form of Daywork/Daily Record Sheets
ABSTRACT
Research suggests that employees work harder under penalty contracts than under economically equivalent bonus contracts. We build on this literature by examining how the motivational ...advantage of penalty contracts depends on a common aspect of real-world contracts: payoff ambiguity. With payoff ambiguity, employees provide effort without knowing how much pay they will receive for a given level of performance. According to our theory, this ambiguity opens the door for employee optimism, which has contrasting effects under each contract frame. Results from an experiment support this theory, with an increase in ambiguity leading to less employee effort with penalty contracts (as employees optimistically expect small penalties) and more effort with bonus contracts (as employees optimistically expect large bonuses). We also find that these effects are stronger for more dispositionally optimistic employees. Overall, our results suggest that bonus contracts may be more motivating and penalty contracts less motivating than previously thought.
A ready-reference on the contractual obligations of the various parties for a FIDIC construction contract. It is clear that there is less chance of failure to observe contract compliance using this ...book, than reliance on reading though the appropriate clauses in the contract A big plus is that those using the book will find answers to queries relating to contractual issues arising from the FIDIC contracts conditions in a fraction of the time it would take if it were necessary to study the full text For those using the FIDIC forms for the first time, or infrequently, this book is a must, whilst experienced users will find it a valuable memory jogger. Whichever category the reader falls into, using this book should improve performance The book is ideal for engineers, quantity surveyors, contract managers and any person whose job it is to understand the workings of a FIDIC contract. From the book s Foreword by Roger Knowles The most important part of any contract is the obligations of the parties, the time frames in which the parties must perform these obligations, and the consequences of failing to meet them. Failure to carry out obligations correctly is a serious risk and common source of contention or claims. This practical ready-reference on the contractual obligations of the various parties for a FIDIC construction contract promotes efficient administration of construction projects, prevents contention and aids an easier understanding of their obligations. The FIDIC Contracts: obligations of the parties is presented in an easily-referenced format, with the obligations set out in tabular form and clear summaries for each type of contract given in separate sections for the Employer, the Contractor and the Engineer. This guide s ready reference style will enable the project manager, quantity surveyor or contract manager to quickly check that his company is performing the required obligations correctly - and also to ensure the other parties are doing the same. * a practical reference guide to the obligations of the parties under FIDIC contracts * this easily understood digest will be welcomed by anyone dealing with the FIDIC forms of contract * clearly referenced summaries set out in a table format.
Psychological contracts are dynamic, but few studies explore the processes driving change and how employees influence them. By adopting a process approach with a teleological change lens, and drawing ...upon the sensemaking and coping literatures, this study positions individuals as active and adaptive agents driving contract change. Employing a mixed methodology, with a four-wave longitudinal survey (n = 107 graduate newcomers) and qualitative interviews (n = 26 graduate newcomers), the study focuses on unfolding events and develops an “adaptive remediation” process model aimed at unraveling contract dynamics. The model demonstrates how breach or violation events trigger sensemaking, resulting in initially negative employee reactions and a “withdrawal” of perceived contributions, before individuals exercise their agency and enact coping strategies to make sense of, and adapt and respond to, these discrepancies. A process of contract “repair” could then occur if the coping actions (termed “remediation effects”) were effective, with individuals returning to positive exchange perceptions. These actions either directly addressed the breach and repaired both it and the psychological contract (termed “remedies”) or involved cognitive reappraisal of the broader work environment and repaired the contract but not the breach (termed “buffers”). The results highlight the unfolding, processual nature of psychological contracting.
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