The effectiveness and legitimacy of the Council of Europe can be undermined by the actions of Member States which fail to comply with their international law obligations of genuine cooperation with ...the organization. This article first briefly examines the practice of international organizations in applying sanctions such as expulsion and suspension to their members. It then explains why it is necessary to discuss potential sanctions that the Council can apply in the context of current controversies involving the Council and Member States. It will be argued that the scale and intensity of challenges distinguish the current state of affairs from other ‘problematic’ periods in the Council's history. It proceeds to outline the considerations that should be taken into account in deciding whether a Member State should be suspended or expelled. These considerations include the implications of sanctions on the legitimacy of the Council of Europe, the level of human rights protection and the financial stability of the organization.
Examining the long-lasting effects of European
colonization on Mexican populations
The Biocultural Consequences of Contact in Mexico
explores how Mexican populations have been shaped both culturally
...and biologically by the arrival of Spanish conquistadors and the
years following the defeat of the Aztec empire in 1521.
Contributors to this volume draw on a diverse set of methods from
archaeology, bioarchaeology, genetics, and history to examine the
response to European colonization, providing evidence for the
resilience of the Mexican people in the face of tumultuous
change.
Essays focus on Central Mexico, Yucatan, and Oaxaca, providing a
cross-regional perspective, and they highlight Mexican scholars'
work and viewpoints. They examine the effects of the
castas system-which the colonizers used to organize
society according to parentage and the social construction of
race-on individuals' and groups' access to power, social mobility,
health, and mate choice. Contributors illuminate the poorly
understood extent that this system-and the national identity of
mestizaje that replaced it-caused inequality and the
structural violence of stress and health disparities, as well as
genetic admixture.
Five hundred years after the Spanish first clashed with Aztec
forces and began to influence modern Mexico, this volume adds to
discussions of colonialism, the reconstruction of biosocial
relationships, and the work of decolonization. Students and
scholars in anthropology and history will gain insights into how
human populations transform and adapt in the wake of major
historical events that result in migration, demographic change, and
social upheaval.
Contributors: Josefina Bautista Martínez |
Alfredo Coppa | Andrea Cucina | Heather J. H. Edgar | Blanca Z.
González-Sobrino | María Teresa Jaén Esquivel | Haagen D. Klaus |
Michaela Lucci | Abigail Meza-Peñaloza | Emily Moes | Corey S.
Ragsdale | Katelyn M. Rusk | Robert C. Schwaller | Julie K. Wesp |
Cathy Willermet
A volume in the series Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the
Human Past: Local, Regional, and Global Perspectives, edited by
Clark Spencer Larsen
This comprehensive Commentary provides the first fully up-to-date analysis and interpretation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. It offers a concise ...yet thorough article-by-article guide to the Convention’s anti-trafficking standards and corresponding human rights obligations.
Open
This paper argues that analyzing education policies through the lens of affect theory provides possibilities for understanding how particular concepts are associated with certain affective ...ideologies. To illustrate this, the paper analyzes the case of a recent publication by the Council of Europe titled Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture. The analysis shows how various concepts related to 'democratic competences' are invested with affective meanings, cultural connotations and political rhetoric. The paper argues that democratic competences are effectively conflated with emotional competences, opening up an analysis of democratic education as a form of individual and psychological therapy. The conclusion addresses the implications of this argument for education policy research and practice. In particular, it highlights the importance of paying attention not only to the ways that affect shapes the production of policy text, but also how a policy seeks to invoke certain affective dispositions at the point of enactment.
This paper explores the intersection of historical remembrance and the ethical imperative of 'never again' in shaping a peaceful future, drawing on the context of Council of Europe's commitment to ...history education. It believes in the pivotal role of understanding the past for fostering democratic values. However, the paper critically examines the limitations of the widely embraced 'never again' ethic, transcending mere historical knowledge. The author, working in a post-conflict setting, discusses the complexities of transforming this ethic into an empirical tool. By delving into examples such as refugee camps during the 2015 crisis and ICE detention camps, the paper highlights the challenges of applying 'never again' in new political and social realities. While acknowledging the limitations of relying solely on history education, the paper suggests the need for multidisciplinary approaches and emphasizes competencies beyond historical thinking in shaping a promising future. The conclusion calls for engagement across sectors and broader knowledge incorporation in teacher training programs. Overall, the paper navigates the intricate relationship between historical awareness, ethical imperatives, and the practical challenges of preventing atrocities in the contemporary world.
The primary aim of this study was to describe regulations and practices concerning the family approach to discuss donation, specifically after the neurological determination of death, one of the most ...challenging steps in the donation pathway. A secondary objective was to assess the impact of legislation on consent rates for organ donation. The Council of Europe surveyed 39 member states about national regulations, practices, and consent rates; 34 replied. Opt-out legislation is present in 19, opt-in in 9 and a mixed system in six countries. An opt-out register is kept by 24 countries and an opt-in register by 18 countries, some keeping both. The mean consent rate was 81.2% of all family approaches. Most countries regulate how death using neurological criteria is confirmed (85.3%), while regulation of other aspects of the deceased donation pathway varies: the timing of informing the family about brain death (47.1%) and organ donation (58.8%), the profile of professional who discusses both topics with the family (52.9% and 64.7%, respectively) and the withdrawal of treatment after brain death (47.1%). We also noted a mismatch between what regulations state and what is done in practice in most countries. We suggest possible reasons for this disparity.
The research item of the paper is the term "judicial corruption". This particular term was ignored in the majority of countries of the Council of Europe. Judicial corruption as a term was first ...mentioned in the PACE documents- Resolution 1703 (2010) on judicial corruption. The author is trying to give an answer to the question- Could there be a balance between establishing the responsibility of the judge and the independence guarantees? The term judicial corruption should not be manipulated with, i.e. the criminal cases of corruption where the judges and prosecutors are involved should be proved and led in line with all ECHR Article 6 fair trial requirements, and in compliance with the principle for the presumption of innocence.
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