This article
examines Daša Drndić's
April in Berlin
(
April u Berlinu
, 2007), alongside
the author’s other Holocaust novels, as literary responses to historical
revisionism and outright denialism of ...the Holocaust in Croatia, which had
emerged into the political and cultural mainstream during the War of
Independence (1991-1995) and has persisted into the post-war period. Since the
historical legacy of the Fascist NDH in Croatia has been de-traumatized, it no
longer represents a crisis of historical consciousness, which would entail a
confrontation with the violent past as well as a painful transformation of
national identity and the political space in which this identity is
articulated. In contrast to de-traumatization, as an ethnocentric strategy that
normalizes the nation’s fascist crimes, Drndić’s novels stage a shocking
confrontation with the shards of the violent past. Through both their
innovative graphic layout and interdiscursive textuality—which combines
historiographical narration with avant-garde fictional and artistic devices,
words with image—Drndić’s novels function as literary archives and monuments,
and archives
as
monuments, intended
to disturb, disrupt, and jolt the reader into awareness of traumatic history, laying
bare the ideological mechanisms of political control and bringing the bodies of
victims to our doorstep.
Ovaj tekst analizira
April u Berlinu
(2007) te ostale romane o Holokaustu hrvatske
spisateljice Daše Drndić kao književne odgovore na povijesni revizionizam
Drugog svjetskog rata i Holokausta u Hrvatskoj, proces koji se ustalio kao
jedan od dominantnih političkih i kulturnih struja za vrijeme Domovinskog rata
(1991-1995), no koji također ustraje u poslijeratnom razdoblju. Budući da je
povijesno naslijeđe fašističke NDH detraumatizirano, ono više ne predstavlja
krizu povijesne svijesti, koja bi zahtijevala suočavanje s nasilnom prošlošću
kao i bolnu transformaciju nacionalnog identiteta te političkog i kulturnog
prostora u okvirima kojeg se taj identitet artikulira. Naspram
detraumatizacije, kao etnocentrične strategije koja normalizira fašističke
zločine nacije, romani Daše Drndić predstavljaju šokantno suočavanje s
krhotinama nasilne prošlosti. Putem inovativne grafičke obrade i
interdiskurzivne tekstualnosti, koja kombinira historiografsku naraciju s
avangardnim književnim i umjetničkim postupcima,
romani Daše Drndić funkcioniraju kao književni arhivi i spomenici, odnosno
arhivi-spomenici, koji žele uznemiriti čitatelje i osvijestiti prekrivenu ili
normaliziranu traumatičnu prošlost.
Nursing in the world has developed exponentially in the past few decades, and Croatia is no exception as one of the Eastern European Countries.
This paper will attempt to outline the main changes ...that have been central to nursing education evolution in the country, and how nursing has developed as an profession and intellectual discipline.
This discussion paper examined journal articles, books and legislative documents that documented the development of nursing education and profession in Croatia.
In the past three decades nursing in Croatia has been characterized by a series of changes leading to its professionalization. The Croatian Nursing Act has been established, nurses have defined their competencies, and a regulatory body and vertical education up to the highest levels has been set up.
Croatian nursing profession has made significant progress in its development. The main challenges are related to nurse shortages and poor working conditions e.g. overtime work, low salaries, decreased nursing autonomy and the impossibility of working in the full scope of practice. Besides, the image of nurses in society still needs to be improved to achieve the level of more recognized health professions.
•Nursing education development is related to the environmental and social conditions.•Nursing development determinants are crucial to nursing education standardization.•High level of nursing education is indispensable for professional independence.
This numerical work aims to better understand the behavior of extreme Adriatic Sea wave storms under projected climate change. In this spirit, 36 characteristic events—22 bora and 14 sirocco storms ...occurring between 1979 and 2019, were selected and ran in evaluation mode in order to estimate the skill of the kilometer-scale Adriatic Sea and Coast (AdriSC) modelling suite used in this study and to provide baseline conditions for the climate change impact. The pseudo-global warming (PGW) methodology—which imposes an additional climatological change to the forcing used in the evaluation simulations, was implemented, for the very first time, for a coupled ocean–wave–atmosphere model and used to assess the behavior of the selected storms under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 greenhouse gas projections. The findings of this experiment are that, on the one hand, the AdriSC model is found capable of reproducing both the Adriatic waves associated with the 36 storms and the northern Adriatic surges occurring during the sirocco events and, on the other hand, the significant wave heights and peak periods are likely to decrease during all future extreme events but most particularly during bora storms. The northern Adriatic storm surges are in consequence also likely to decrease during sirocco events. As it was previously demonstrated that the Adriatic extreme wind-wave events are likely to be less intense in a future warmer climate, this study also proved the validity of applying the PGW methodology to coupled ocean–wave–atmosphere models at the coastal and nearshore scales.
Environments polluted with excessively high levels of antibiotics released from manufacturing sites can act as a source of transferable antibiotic resistance (AR) genes to human commensal and ...pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate AR of bacteria isolated from the Sava river sediments (Croatia) at the discharge site of effluents from azithromycin production compared to those from the upstream site and isolates collected in Croatian hospitals. A total of 228 environmental strains of azithromycin-resistant bacteria were isolated and identified, with 124 from the discharge site and 104 from the upstream site. In addition, a total of 90 clinical, azithromycin-resistant streptococcal and staphylococcal isolates obtained from the Croatian Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance were analyzed. PCR screening of isolates on 11 relevant macrolide-resistance genes (MRGs) showed that discharge isolates had greater detection frequencies for 4 gene targets (ermB, msrE, mphE and ermF) compared to upstream isolates. Among clinical isolates, the most frequently detected gene was ermB, followed by msrD, mefE and mefC. The discharge site demonstrated a greater abundance of isolates with co-occurrence of two different MRGs (predominantly msrE-mphE) than the upstream site, but a lower abundance than the clinical sources (most commonly msrD-mefE). The simultaneous presence of three or even four MRGs was specific for the discharge and clinical isolates, but not for the upstream isolates. When MRG results were sorted by gene mechanism, the ribosomal methylation (erm) and protection genes (msr) were the most frequently detected among both the discharge and the clinical isolates. Following sequencing, high nucleotide sequence similarity was observed between ermB in the discharge isolates and the clinical streptococcal isolates, suggesting a possible transfer of the ermB gene between bacteria of clinical and environmental origin. Our study highlights the importance of environmental bacterial populations as reservoirs for clinically relevant macrolide-resistance genes.
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•Higher prevalence of macrolide-resistance genes in discharge vs upstream isolates•The ermB gene was the most prevalent among discharge and clinical isolates.•High macrolide levels seem to favor acquiring multiple MRGs.•Possible transfer of ermB gene among environmental and clinical bacteria•Environmental bacteria are reservoirs for clinically relevant MRGs.
This paper analyses impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Croatian tourism. The analysis is based on data on tourism arrivals, overnight stays and tourist beds in the period January – September in 2019 ...and 2020, as later data for 2020 was not available at the moment of writing. Generated from the online-registering system data was specially prepared by the Croatian Tourist Boards. Apart from an immense decline in all tourism parameters, which goes in line with global trends, the results of our research reveal changes that occurred in terms of seasonality, spatial distribution of tourism, average stay, organization of arrival, age, origin and type of accommodation used, according to the data available. The paper further discusses the global context of the pandemic situation and local and personal responses that have an important impact on re-directing and tracing eventually new tourism trajectories of the (post)pandemic time. Two principal groups of factors have been recognized as mostly affecting the processes, trends and possible future trajectories have been identified: on the one hand global movement and travel bans and restrictions, on the other hand personal responses reflected in motivation and behavioural changes. Changes that occurred in pandemic time are seen as catalysts for re-enforcement and raised interest in escapism and slow movements in tourism. Instead of seeking to ‘go back to business as usual’, the authors argue to reconsider the trajectories that emerged during the time of the pandemic and to envisage other approaches towards more sustainable tourism.
This article presents an integrative review of the literature with the aim of identifying instruments already in existence for measuring neonatal infant pain with a view to exploring possibilities of ...applying them in clinical practice in Croatia.
An integrative review.
The databases searched included MEDLINE, Cinahl Cochrane Library, and Science Direct. The search was limited to available full-text articles in English published between 1990 and 2020. The studies were selected according to the PRISMA strategy and evaluated based on the methodologic framework proposed by Whittemore and Knafl.
The research identified 13 scales for assessing pain in neonatal infants, including 5 one-dimensional and 8 multidimensional scales that assess acute and prolonged pain in preterm and full-term infants.
Overall, the articles in this review confirm that pain is a multidimensional phenomenon and that professionals should consider other specific characteristics of the neonatal infant population while measuring pain.
Our review showed that various tools exist assessing pain in neonatal infants that could be used in clinical practice in Croatia. However, it is difficult to determine the most appropriate instrument at this stage, as the choice depends on various factors that still need to be considered. The decision on which pain scale to use or which is more appropriate should be based on further psychometric tests, its accuracy, and ease of use.
•Pain in newborns should be routinely assessed using context-specific, validated and objective pain methods.•Currently available methods for assessing neonatal pain can be one-dimensional (one parameter) or multidimensional (physiological, behavioral or other parameters).•Untreated neonatal pain can have long-term physiological and neurological developmental consequences.•The importance of nurse education in developing neonatal pain management skills.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is presented with a wide range of symptoms, from asymptomatic disease to severe and progressive interstitial pneumonia. As part of interstitial pneumonia, ...respiratory failure is typically presented as hypoxia and is the most common cause of hospitalization. When oxygen therapy fails, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) are used as respiratory support measures of first choice. Noninvasive respiratory support (NIRS) is applied in order to save intensive care unit resources and to avoid complications related to invasive mechanical ventilation. Emerging evidence has shown that the use of CPAP or NIV in the management of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19 reduces the need for intubation and mortality. The advantage of NIRS is the feasibility of its application on wards. NIV could be administered via a face mask or helmet interface. Helmet adheres better than mask and therefore leakage is reduced, a delivery of positive end-expiratory pressure is more accurate, and the risk of nosocomial transmission of infections is lowered. Patients on NIRS must be carefully monitored so that further respiratory deterioration is not overlooked and additional measures of care including timely intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation could be performed if needed. Key words: Coronavirus disease 2019; Respiratory failure; Continuous positive airway pressure; Noninvasive mechanical ventilation; Noninvasive respiratory support Bolest uzrokovana novim koronavirusom 2019 (COVID-19) prezentira se sirokim rasponom simptoma, od asimptomatske bolesti do teske i progresivne intersticijske upale pluca. Kao dio intersticijske pneumonije respiracijska insufficijencija tipicno je obiljezena hipoksijom i najcesci je uzrok hospitalizacije. Kada terapija kisikom ne uspije, kontinuirani pozitivni tlak u disnim putovima (CPAP) ili neinvazivna mehanicka ventilacija (NIV) mjere su respiracijske potpore prvog izbora. Neinvazivna respiracijska potpora (NIRS) primjenjuje se kako bi se ustedjeli resursi jedinica intenzivnog lijecenja i izbjegle komplikacije povezane s invazivnom mehanickom ventilacijom. Uporaba CPAP-a ili NIV-a u lijecenju akutne hipoksemicne respiracijske insufficijencije kod COVID-19 smanjuje potrebu za intubacijom i smrtnost. Prednost NIRS-a je da se moze provoditi na odjelima. NIV se moze primijeniti preko maske ili kacige. Kaciga bolje prianja u odnosu na masku i stoga je smanjen gubitak zraka, isporuka pozitivnog tlaka na kraju izdisaja je tocnija, a rizik od nozokomijalnog prijenosa infekcija je manji. Bolesnici na NIRS-u moraju se pazljivo nadzirati kako se ne bi previdjelo daljnje respiracijsko pogorsanje i kako bi se mogle provesti dodatne mjere skrbi ukljucujuci pravodobnu intubaciju i invazivnu mehanicku ventilaciju. Kljucne rijeci: Bolest uzrokovana novim koronavirusom 2019; Respiracijska insufficijencija; Kontinuirani pozitivni tlak u disnim putovima; Neinvazivna mehanicka ventilacija; Neinvazivna respiracijska potpora
Changes in working methods and diagnostics using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) diagnostics that occurred after the start of the COVID-19 ...pandemic could show differences in the prevalence of positive microbiological samples. In a retrospective study, a total of 442 tracheal aspirates in the pre-pandemic period (Period A, 2018, 198 patients, age median 69 (57-78)) and 277 samples in the pandemic period (Period B, 2021, 147 patients, age 68 (56-77) (p=0.585) obtained after the start of the pandemic were analyzed. A total of 176 patients had at least 1 positive result. In Period A, there were 245 (55%) and in Period B 186 (68%) sterile samples (p=0.001). The most frequently isolated pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii in 86 patients from Period A and 32 patients from Period B, i.e., 43% vs. 21.7% of all positive isolates (p=0.247), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 29 patients in Period A (14.6%) vs. 7 (3%) (p=0.112) in Period B. A statistically significant increase was observed in the incidence of Enterobacterales (16.6% vs. 32.6%, p=0.002), especially Klebsiellae spp. Although overall mortality decreased in Period B, changes in the working methods and diagnostics did not result in changes in the mortality of patients whose tracheal aspirates were sampled. Key words: Spectrometry, mass; Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization; Pneumonia; Intensive care units; Microbiology Promjene u metodama rada i dijagnostici primjenom dijagnostike laserske desorpcije/ionizacije masene spektrometrije uz pomoc matrice (MALDI-TOF), koje su se dogodile nakon pocetka pandemije COVID-19 mogle bi pokazati razlike u ucestalosti pozitivnih mikrobioloskih uzoraka. U retrospektivnoj studiji analizirano je ukupno 442 aspirata traheje u razdoblju prije pandemije (Razdoblje A) (2018., 198 bolesnika, medijan dobi 69 (57-78) godina) i 277 uzoraka (2021., 147 bolesnika, 68 (56-77) godina, p=0,585) uzorkovanih nakon pocetka pandemije (Razdoblje B). Ukupno 176 bolesnika imalo je barem jedan pozitivan nalaz. U Razdoblju A bilo je 245 (55%) sterilnih uzoraka, dok ih je u Razdoblju B bilo 186 (68%) (p=0,001). Najcesce izolirani uzrocnici bili su Acinetobacter baumannii u 86 bolesnika iz Razdoblja A i 32 iz Razdoblja B, tj. 43% naspram 21.7% svih pozitivnih izolata (p=0,247), potom Pseudomonas aeruginosa u 29 bolesnika u Razdoblju A (14,6%) naspram 7 (3%) (p=0,112) u Razdoblju B. Statisticki znacajan porast primijecen je u incidenciji Enterobacterales (16,6% prema 32,6%, p=0,002), osobito vrste Klebsiellae. Iako se ukupna smrtnost smanjila u poslijepandemijskom razdoblju (Razdoblje B), promjene u radnim metodama i dijagnostici nisu rezultirale promjenama u smrtnosti bolesnika kojima su uzorkovani aspirati dusnika. Kljucne rijeci: MALDI-TOF masena spektometrija; Pneumonija; Jedinica intenzivnog lijecenja; Mikrobiologija
An underwater survey was conducted in September of 2020 on several locations in Kaštela Bay, mainly around the area of Pantan near Trogir, with the aim of assessing the potential of these locations ...for more detailed investigations. The limited survey gave positive results, as the collected prehistoric and Roman material pointed to a great potential of specific locations for further archaeological research.
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