The IPCC emphasises the need to centre climate change adaptation in climate actions due to a lack of progress on meaningful climate change mitigation. This requires the expansion of adaptive capacity ...across many sectors, including education. Research asserts the key role formal education plays in increasing the learning and cognitive aspects of adaptive capacity and associated capabilities, but further work is required to understand the impacts of attempts to enact such changes, specifically in relation to climate change adaptation planning. Drawing on impact data collected from an experimental place-based digital educational resource – Climate Smart – that includes a serious online role play game, designed with and for second level students aged 15–17 in Ireland, this paper outlines the challenges of, and opportunities for, engaging young people in learning about climate change adaptation planning. We conclude that while such educational innovations are impactful in the short-term and essential for developing foundational knowledge and skills, as well as shaping individual and social norms, they will be insufficient alone to optimise capabilities for long term adaptive capacity for climate change adaptation. Wider complementary structural changes across multiple systems which support people to enact their learning and functionalise their capabilities are required. Finally, a prospective agenda for progressing adaptive capacity for climate adaptation planning with education at its core is outlined.
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin has been the most common Salmonella serovar isolated from cattle in Great Britain for the previous 22 years. It can cause a wide variety of ...clinical presentations and result in significant welfare and productivity concerns in infected herds. Bulk tank antibody testing undertaken every three or four months forms the basis of eradication and monitoring programmes in Denmark and the Netherlands and has been shown to be a sensitive, specific and cost-effective way of establishing seroprevalence and monitoring infection at a herd level. A prevalence estimate based on quarterly bulk tank testing has not been previously carried out in Great Britain. This study recruited 410 herds across Great Britain, who submitted milk samples on a quarterly basis for screening by an ELISA for Salmonella Dublin antibody. Classifying herds according to the Danish eradication scheme classification gave an apparent prevalence of 38% (95% confidence intervals 34–43%) and an estimated true prevalence of 40% (95% confidence intervals 35–45%), taking into account the test sensitivity and specificity. Of the 401 herds which completed the quarterly bulk tank testing, 45% had one or more positive bulk tank results.
The diagnosis of infectious diseases at herd level can be challenging as different stakeholders can have conflicting priorities. The current study proposes a “proof of concept” of an approach that ...considers a reasonable number of criteria to rank plausible diagnostic strategies using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods. The example of Salmonella Dublin diagnostic in Québec dairy herds is presented according to two epidemiological contexts: (i) in herds with no history of S. Dublin infection and absence of clinical signs, (ii) in herds with a previous history of infection, but absence of clinical signs at the moment of testing. Multiple multiparty exchanges were conducted to determine: 1) stakeholders’ groups; 2) the decision problem; 3) solutions to the problem (options) or diagnostic strategies to be ordered; 4) criteria and indicators; 5) criteria weights; 6) the construction of a performance matrix for each option; 7) the multi-criteria analyses using the visual preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluations approach; 8) the sensitivity analyses, and 9) the final decision. A total of nine people from four Québec’s organizations (the dairy producers provincial association along with the DHI company, the ministry of agriculture, the association of veterinary practitioners, and experts in epidemiology) composed the MCDA team. The decision problem was “What is the optimal diagnostic strategy for establishing the status of a dairy herd for S. Dublin infection when there are no clinical signs of infection?”. Fourteen diagnostic strategies composed of the three following parameters were considered: 1) biological samples (bulk tank milk or blood from 10 heifers aged over three months); 2) sampling frequencies (one to three samples collection visits); 3) case definitions to conclude to a positive status using imperfect milk- or blood-ELISA tests. The top-ranking diagnostic strategy was the same in the two contexts: testing the bulk tank milk and the blood samples, all samples collected during one visit and the herd being assigned a S. Dublin positive status if one sample is ELISA-positive. The final decision favored the top-ranking option for both contexts. This MCDA approach and its application to S. Dublin infection in dairy herds allowed a consensual, rational, and transparent ranking of feasible diagnostic strategies while taking into account the diagnostic tests accuracy, socio-economic, logistic, and perception considerations of the key actors in the dairy industry. This promising tool can be applied to other infectious diseases that lack a well-established diagnostic procedure to define a herd status.
•Multi-criteria decision analysis was applied for S. Dublin infection in dairy herds.•A team representing all main stakeholders proposed 14 diagnostic strategies.•Ten criteria were identified and analyses comparing the strategies were ran.•The process was successful in reaching a transparent and justified decision.•The developed tool seems promising for other infectious diseases.
Introducción. Los objetivos de este trabajo son determinar qué esquemas se utilizan para título, resumen, palabras clave, autoría y periódico en prensa; conocer qué pautas siguen los periódicos en la ...implementación de dichos esquemas; y averiguar cómo esto afecta a la extracción de información. Metodología. Para ello, se define una muestra de diarios y se analiza su código fuente, identificando esquemas utilizados y patrones de uso. Esto permite extraer valores de dato utilizando la aplicación MetadadosHTML. Resultados. Se han detectado esquemas estándar, ad hoc y propios de los periódicos. Se han hallado diversas prácticas, como valores agrupados en una misma línea de código o por separado; ruido en un valor y errores al referir los nombres de los atributos de esquemas estándar. Estos problemas afectan a la extracción de datos basada en esquemas de metadatos y metadatos en MetadadosHTML Conclusiones. Es necesario avanzar en el uso de esquemas estándar, como Dublin Core o schema.org, favoreciendo la iplantación de estos (u otros) en los códigos fuente de noticias. También resulta imprescindible la adopción de buenas prácticas al explicitar datos y valores de datos. Sólo así es posible evolucionar en la interoperabilidad entre sistemas y en la recuperación y reutilización de información.
Rapid economic and demographic change in the Greater Dublin Area over the period 1996–2006, with associated increases in car dependence and congestion, has focused policy on encouraging more ...sustainable forms of travel. In this context, knowledge of current travel patterns and their determinants is crucial. Here we concentrate on travel for a specific journey purpose, namely the journey to work. Using data on the full population of working individuals from the 2006 Census of Population, we analyse the influence of travel and supply-side characteristics, as well as demographic and socio-economic characteristics on the choice of mode of transport to work in the Greater Dublin Area. The results indicate that household composition, public transport availability, journey time and work location are particularly significant in explaining the choice of mode of transport to work.
► Journey time is significant in explaining choice of mode of transport to work. ► Home and work proximity to public transport discourages use of car for commuting. ►Age, gender and young children are important drivers of commuting mode choice
The EU has become a powerful player in the area of migration. As a result, European migration policies increasingly conflict with the EU’s commitment to respect Human Rights. The book identifies the ...most pressing challenges, outlines the relevant legal standards, and provides recommendations for reform. Core issues are asylum seekers’ access to protection in the EU, personal liberty and free movement of migrants, safeguarding the rule of law in immigration proceedings, the prohibition of discrimination on any ground, including immigration status, respecting the social and family ties of migrants, guaranteeing minimum social rights for irregular migrants, and the public and private infrastructure necessary for defending the Human Rights of migrants.
This book
illuminates the neglected history of the Dublin Metropolitan Police - a
history that has been long overshadowed by existing historiography, which has
traditionally been preoccupied with the ...more radical aspects of Irish history. It explores the origins of the institution and
highlights the Dublin Metropolitan Police's profound influence on the colonial forces, as its legacy reached some of
the furthest outposts of
the British Empire. In doing so
Anastasia Dukova provides much needed nuance and complexity to our
understanding of Ireland as a whole, and Dublin in particular,
demonstrating that it was far more than a lawless place ravaged by political
and sectarian violence. Simultaneously, the book tells the story of the bobby
on the beat, the policeman who made the organisation; his work and day, the
conditions of service and how they affected or bettered his lot at home and
abroad.
Biofilms are communities of bacterial cells that serve to protect them from external adverse influences and enhance bacterial resistance to antibiotics and sanitizers. Here, we studied the regulatory ...effects of glucose and sodium chloride on biofilm formation in Salmonella serovar Dublin (S. Dublin). To analyze expression levels of the quorum sensing gene luxS, we created a luxS knockout mutant. Also, antimicrobial resistance, hydrophobicity and autoinducer-2 (AI-2) activity of both the wild-type (WT) and the mutant strain were investigated. Our results revealed that glucose was not essential for S. Dublin biofilm formation but had an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation when the concentration was over 0.1%. NaCl was found to be indispensable in forming biofilm, and it also exerted an inhibitory effect at high concentrations (>1.0%). Both the WT and the mutant strains displayed significant MIC growth after biofilm formation. An increase of up to 32,768 times in the resistance of S. Dublin in biofilm phonotype against antibiotic (ampicillin) compared to its planktonic phonotype was observed. However, S. Dublin luxS knockout mutant only showed slight differences compared to the WT strain in the antimicrobial tests although it displayed better biofilm-forming capacity than the WT strain. The mutant strain also exhibited higher hydrophobicity than the WT strain, which was a feature related to biofilm formation. The production of the quorum sensing autoinducer-2 (AI-2) was significantly lower in the mutant strain than in the WT strain since the LuxS enzyme, encoded by the luxS gene, plays an essential role in AI-2 synthesis. However, the limited biofilm-forming ability in the WT strain indicated AI-2 was not directly related to S. Dublin biofilm formation. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of the WT and mutant strains revealed upregulation of genes related to biofilm stress response and enhanced resistance in the luxS mutant strain, which may provide evidence for the regulatory role of the luxS gene in biofilm formation.
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•Biofilm could significantly enhance the antibiotic resistance of Salmonella.•There is no relation between hydrophobicity and NaCl or glucose in the medium.•The QS signal AI-2 is not directly related to on Salmonella biofilm formation.•The loss of luxS gene activates biofilm relevant gene expression to enhance biofilm formation.
Objetivos: identificar los serogrupos y determinar la resistencia antimicrobiana en aislados de Salmonella sp., procedentes de pacientes con enfermedad diarreica (EDA) en Cuba durante el periodo ...comprendido entre los años 2016 - 2022. Materiales y Métodos: se analizaron 929 aislamientos de Salmonella sp., remitidos al cepario del Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, desde los Centros de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología de Cuba, durante el período trascurrido entre los años 2016 al 2022. El serotipaje se determinó, mediante el esquema de Kaufmann – White. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se realizó por el método de Bauer – Kirby, de acuerdo, con la metodología descrita en la normativa del Instituto de Estándares de Laboratorio Clínico. Resultados: todos los aislamientos correspondieron al género Salmonella. Los serogrupos más frecuente fueron el D, seguido por el B. Se constató el predominio de los serotipos S. Enteritidis, S. Dublin, S. Typhimurium y S. Essen. Los porcentajes de resistencia antimicrobiana más altos se observaron la ampicilina (64,0%), el trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol (13,6%) y la azitromicina (12,5%); mientras que, frente a la amikacina todos los aislamientos fueron sensibles. Conclusiones: Los resultados identificados, constituyen un aporte al conocimiento de la epidemiología de Salmonella en Cuba, pues evidencian la circulación de diversos serogrupos y serotipos, en las muestras clínicas investigadas, así como un porcentaje elevado de aislamientos resistentes a los antimicrobianos utilizados, para el tratamiento de las infecciones humanas.
Biodiversity data derive from myriad sources stored in various formats on many distinct hardware and software platforms. An essential step towards understanding global patterns of biodiversity is to ...provide a standardized view of these heterogeneous data sources to improve interoperability. Fundamental to this advance are definitions of common terms. This paper describes the evolution and development of Darwin Core, a data standard for publishing and integrating biodiversity information. We focus on the categories of terms that define the standard, differences between simple and relational Darwin Core, how the standard has been implemented, and the community processes that are essential for maintenance and growth of the standard. We present case-study extensions of the Darwin Core into new research communities, including metagenomics and genetic resources. We close by showing how Darwin Core records are integrated to create new knowledge products documenting species distributions and changes due to environmental perturbations.
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