•Smoked cannabis (12.5% THC) led to an acute decrease in speed in young adults.•There was no clear effect of smoked cannabis on lateral control.•There was little evidence of residual effects of ...smoked cannabis on driving performance.
Although driving under the influence of cannabis is increasingly common among young adults, little is known about residual effects on driver behavior. This study examined acute and residual effects of smoked cannabis on simulated driving performance of young cannabis users.
In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group randomized clinical trial, cannabis users (1–4 days/week) aged 19–25 years were randomized with a 2:1 allocation ratio to receive active (12.5% THC) or placebo (0.009% THC) cannabis in a single 750 mg cigarette. A median split (based on whole-blood THC concentrations at the time of driving) was used to divide the active group into low and high THC groups. Our primary outcome was simulated driving performance, assessed 30 min and 24 and 48 h after smoking. Secondary outcomes included blood THC concentrations, subjective drug effects, and heart rate.
Ninety-six participants were randomized, and 91 were included in the final analysis (30 high THC, 31 low THC, 30 placebo). Mean speed (but not lateral control) significantly differed between groups 30 min after smoking cannabis (p ≤ 0.02); low and high THC groups decreased their speed compared to placebo. Heart rate, VAS drug effect and drug high increased significantly immediately after smoking cannabis and declined steadily after that. There was little evidence of residual effects in any of the measures.
Acutely, cannabis caused decreased speed, increased heart rate, and increases in VAS drug effect and drug high. There was no evidence of residual effects on these measures over the two days following cannabis administration.
Alcohol- and cannabis-impaired driving behaviors remain a public health concern especially among young adults (i.e., ages 18–25). Limited updates to prevention efforts for these behaviors may be due, ...in part, to limited understanding of malleable psychosocial predictors. The current study assessed associations between perceived injunctive norms (i.e., acceptability) of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI-A) and cannabis (DUI-C), and riding with a driver under the influence of alcohol (RWI-A) and cannabis (RWI-C) in Washington State young adults.
Participants included 1,941 young adults from the 2019 cohort of the Washington Young Adult Health Survey. Weighted logistic regressions assessed the associations between peer injunctive norms and impaired driving-related behaviors.
A weighted total of 11.5% reported DUI-A, 12.4% DUI-C, 10.9% RWI-A, and 20.9% RWI-C at least once in the past 30 days. Overlap between the outcomes was observed, indicating some young adults had engaged in multiple impaired driving-related behaviors. After controlling for substance use frequency, weighted logistic regressions indicated more positive perceived injunctive norms were associated with nearly 2 ½ times higher odds of DUI-A, 8 times higher odds of DUI-C, 4 times higher odds of RWI-A and six and a half times higher odds of RWI-C.
Results increase the understanding of how injunctive norms–a potentially malleable psychosocial factor–are associated with four impaired driving-related outcomes. Prevention programs that focus on assessing and addressing the norms of these outcomes individually and collectively, such as normative feedback interventions and media campaigns, may be helpful in reducing these behaviors.
Since Jensen et al.’s (2007) seminal paper conceptualizing innovation modes, many empirical studies have demonstrated the validity of the concept. There have recently been two developments that may ...help clarify our understanding of innovation modes. First, innovation modes are being sub-divided between those internal and those external to the firm. Second, it is increasingly suggested that the connection between innovation mode and innovation outcome may be context dependent, with specific interest in regional context. In this paper we contribute to this debate by examining whether the connection between internal and external innovation modes and innovation outcomes varies across two types of context: geographic (with establishments classified according to their distance from a metropolitan area) and technological (in order to position our geographic results). We show that for some types of innovation and for some types of mode, geographic context is a determining factor, whereas technological context has no effect on the relationship.
•We study how the connection between innovation modes and innovation outcomes varies across different geographical contexts.•The study is based on original firm-level data in the province of Québec.•The analysis reveals that for some types of innovation and for some types of mode, geographic context is a determining factor, whereas technological context has no effect on the relationship.•Metropolitan-periphery dimension can play a role in understanding the connection between innovation mode and innovation outcome.
This paper focuses on the relation between business innovation modes and environmental innovation. Over time firms have recognized the importance of prioritizing innovation to gain competitive ...advantages in open markets. Yet, in more recent times with the more recent international agreements on environmental sustainability (rounds in Doha in 2004; Copenhagen in 2009; Paris in 2016; and Glasgow in 2021), innovation needs to be guided through new boundaries and requirements that individual businesses and the business system as a whole face. One of these boundaries is nature and its resources which require significant protection as part of the international priority agenda on climate change agreed by most countries with the 2016 Paris Agreement on the Environment and recently confirmed with COP26. As firms are found to adopt alternative archetypical strategies of innovation, some science-driven (STI innovation mode) and others practice-driven (DUI innovation mode), we investigate whether any of these strategic modes is beneficial in relation to the capacity of the firms to produce eco-innovations, and which one is more beneficial in relation to which type of eco-innovation (e.g. technological and non-technological innovation). This analysis is seen in relation to the size of the firms as SMEs typically rely on practice and interactive-based innovation activities (DUI mode). This may help design environment protection-orientated policies that focus on specific drivers, thus making policy action efficient and effective. The analysis is based on the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) database for European countries. Our findings support the view that both STI and DUI drivers support eco-innovation through technological nuances that work also in the specific case of SME environmental innovation.
•The discussion of environmental innovation under the lenses of the STI and DUI “business innovation modes”.•The impact of innovation modes on technological (product and process) and non-technological (organizational and commercial) eco-innovation.•The analysis of the adoption and effectiveness of these innovation modes for environmental innovation across SMEs (and firms in general).•The analysis of innovation modes for environmental innovation on a large Eurostat dataset for European countries that go beyond typical single country statistics.
Little is known about how, and through which characteristics, CEO effects DUI mode innovation activities in SMEs. Thus, we connect the DUI mode concept with business management research and use data ...from 40 qualitative interviews in German non-R&D-based, but innovative SMEs. Applying the upper echelon concept as an analytical framework our results show that the CEO acts as an important moderator and mediator between DUI learning mechanism and innovation performance. In particular CEO's values and cognitive base may help to increase innovation activities of the employees. Our paper is the first that empirically applies CEO's psychological attributes of the upper-echelons concept to DUI innovations in non-R&D SMEs. We have developed a new version of the upper echelons model as well as hypotheses gained from the qualitative data analysis that are ready to be tested with quantitative procedures to improve the upper echelons theory concerning DUI-led innovation processes in SMEs.
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•Margaritifera rochechouartiicomb. nov. belongs to family Margaritiferidae instead of family Unionidae.•Robust intra-familial relationships were first time recovered in ...Margaritiferidae by five-locus data and complete mitochondrial genome sequences.•Different partitioning strategies were implemented and compared to the dataset.•Extant Margaritiferidae has a Laurasian origin during the Late Cretaceous (ca. 90 Ma)•Asian margaritiferids may have had two origins.
The family Margaritiferidae encompasses 12 valid species, which are distributed widely but disjunctively in the Northern Hemisphere. A lack of a well resolved and temporally calibrated phylogenetic framework of Margaritiferidae has made it difficult to discuss the evolutionary pattern and process. Phylogenetic relationships between five major clades, which were revealed in earlier studies, remain elusive and unresolved. Lamprotula rochechouartii has long been classified within the family Unionidae based on shell morphology, but our preliminary molecular study on this species made us hypothesize that it has an affinity with margaritiferids. Hence, five loci (COI, 16S, 18S, 28S and histone H3) were used to investigate the phylogenetic position of L. rochechouartii and intra-familial relationships within Margaritiferidae using various partitioning strategies. Moreover, two mitochondrial genomes were newly obtained to further resolve and validate the five-clade relationships within Margaritiferidae in a broad view of Unionoida evolution. Both five-gene and mitogenome datasets strongly advocated treating Lamprotula rochechouartii as Margaritifera rochechouartiicomb. nov. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses using partitioned five-gene dataset resulted in various topologies, but five well-supported clades were obtained. The most probable cladistic relationships generated by five-gene dataset analyses were identical to subsequent whole mitogenome analyses except the position of M. monodonta. M. rochechouartii and M. laosensis had a well-supported sister relationship and formed a basal clade splitting from the rest of the family. Based on six reliable fossils, crown age of the extant Margaritiferidae was estimated during the Late Cretaceous at 88.3 Ma (95% HPD = 66.2–117.4). But we hypothesized a much earlier origin of this family due to the Permian stem age (mean = 257 Ma, 95% HPD = 230.0–296.0) and a high extinction rate in the whole order. Biogeographic scenarios supported a Laurasian origin of extant Margaritiferidae during the Late Cretaceous, and suggested that Asian margaritiferids may have had two origins, having either Asia (M. rochechouartii, M. laosensis) or North America (M. dahurica, M. laevis, and M. middendorffi) as ancestral. The newly added Margaritiferidae species M. rochechouartii expands our recognized distribution range of modern margaritiferids. Our results indicate that whole mitogenome sequences can be used to reconstruct robust phylogenetic relationships for freshwater mussels, especially with the help of adding M-type mitogenomes.
Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the effects of changes to Washington State's alcohol ignition interlock laws: moving issuance of interlock orders from the courts to the driver ...licensing department (July 2003); extending the interlock order requirement to all persons convicted of driving under the influence (DUI; June 2004); allowing an interlock in lieu of an administrative driver's license suspension (January 2009); and requiring proof of interlock installation to reinstate the driver's license (January 2011).
Method: Trends in conviction types, interlock installation rates, and 2-year cumulative recidivism rates were examined for first-time and repeat offenders with convictions stemming from DUI arrests during 1999-2012. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models examined the association between law changes and installation rates, law changes and recidivism rates, and installation rates and recidivism rates.
Results: During the study period, there was a large increase in the proportion of first-time DUI arrests reduced to alcohol-related negligent/reckless driving convictions, offenses not requiring interlock orders. The interlock installation rate increased substantially and the recidivism rate declined substantially among both first and repeat offenders. Based on the ARIMA models for first offenders, the 2004 and 2009 law changes were associated with increased interlock installation rates and lower recidivism rates. For first offenders arrested during the last quarter of 2012, the model estimates a 26% reduction in the recidivism rate (from an expected 7.7% without the 4 laws to 5.6%). A 1 percentage point increase in the interlock installation rate was associated with a 0.06 percentage point decline in the recidivism rate among first offenders. If the association carried forward and if the installation rate had been 100% rather than 38% in the last quarter of 2012, the 2-year recidivism rate would have been reduced from 5.6 to 2%. Among repeat offenders, the 2003 and 2009 law changes were associated with increased interlock installation rates, and the 2009 law change was associated with a nonsignificant decline in recidivism.
Conclusions: In Washington, rates of interlock installations increased as interlock laws were strengthened, and the increase was associated with reductions in recidivism among first DUI offenders. Washington's experience suggests that states can reduce DUI recidivism by requiring interlock orders for all offenders, allowing offenders to install interlocks in lieu of an administrative driver's license suspension, and closing statutory loopholes that allow plea reductions to convictions without interlock orders.
College students who use alcohol and marijuana often use them simultaneously, so that their effects overlap. The present study examined whether negative consequences experienced by simultaneous ...alcohol and marijuana (SAM) users vary from those experienced by individuals who use alcohol and marijuana concurrently but not simultaneously (CAM) or single-substance users. We considered 9 types of consequences: cognitive, blackout, vomiting, academic/occupational, social, self-care, physical dependence, risky behaviors, and driving under the influence (DUI). Further, we examined whether consequences experienced by SAM users are attributed to using alcohol, marijuana, or both simultaneously. The sample included past-year alcohol and marijuana users age 18-24 (N = 1,390; 62% female; 69% White; 12% Hispanic) recruited from 3 U.S. college campuses. SAM users experienced a greater overall number of consequences than CAM or alcohol-only users, even controlling for frequency and intensity of alcohol and marijuana use and potentially confounding psychosocial and sociodemographic factors. Experiencing specific consequences differed between simultaneous and concurrent users, but after adjusting for consumption and other covariates, only blackouts differed. In contrast, SAM users were more likely to experience each consequence than alcohol-only users, with strongest effects for DUI, blackouts, and cognitive consequences. Among SAM users, consequences were most likely to be attributed to alcohol and were rarely attributed to simultaneous use. Being a user of both alcohol and marijuana and using alcohol and marijuana together so that their effects overlap each contribute to risk, suggesting there is value in targeting the mechanisms underlying type of user as well as those underlying type of use.
•Situational and social context characteristics increase risks for simultaneous use.•Larger numbers of underage drinkers increase risks for simultaneous use.•Lack of adult supervision increases risks ...for simultaneous use.•Simultaneous use is associated with increased subsequent risks.•Alcohol may be the primary contributor to risks associated with simultaneous use.
We investigated contexts of simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana and the impact of simultaneous use on problems among adolescents. Ecological momentary assessment data were obtained over two weekends from 150 adolescents in California (47% female, M age=16.36years), using smartphone surveys administered early and late in the evening and again the following morning. We assessed whether, in what context, and with whom adolescents drank alcohol and used other substances over 3 evening hours. We assessed problems they experienced each evening on the following morning. Results showed that greater adult supervision in every context was associated with a 55% lower risk of simultaneous use (RRR=0.45, p≤.05). Contexts with no other underage drinkers were associated with 99% lower risk of simultaneous use (RRR=0.01, p≤.005). Each occasion of simultaneous use was related to 110% increase in the number of problems (IRR=2.10, p≤.005), with 83%, 221% and 311% greater odds of violence (OR=1.83, p≤.05), driving under the influence or riding with a drunk driver (OR=3.21, p≤.05), or being drunk (OR=4.11, p≤.005). Additional analyses showed that these problems may be attributed largely to the alcohol consumed in each context. Results demonstrate that it is essential to consider situational and social characteristics of substance use contexts to better understand adolescent simultaneous use of alcohol and drugs and problems.
Considering the importance of innovation activities, especially that of young firms, for aggregate productivity growth, the study, using Estonian Community Innovation Survey (CIS) data, compares the ...productivity implications of R&D, capital accumulation, and innovation output for entrants and incumbents and contrasts the findings to those for Germany, a representative developed economy. First, in contrast to the developed economies, the percentage of innovating firms is much larger than the percentage that invests in R&D, which indicates the prevalence of non-R&D, such as ‘doing, using, and interacting’ (DUI), mode of innovation. Second, contrary to findings for the developed economies, the impact of R&D on productivity for the entrants and incumbents does not differ. However, the impact of innovation output – many of which are a result of DUI mode – on productivity is much higher for the entrants. Third, despite the adverse sectoral composition typical of catching-up economies, Estonian incumbents, who are the primary carriers of ‘scientific and technologically-based innovative’ (STI) activities, are as good as German incumbents in translating R&D into productivity gains. Fourth, while embodied technological change through capital accumulation is found to be more effective than R&D for improving productivity, the effectiveness is higher for R&D performing firms. Our results suggest that certain policy recommendations for spurring productivity growth in developed economies may be unsuitable for catching-up economies.
•Productivity impacts of R&D and innovations – mostly due to DUI mode – are estimated.•DUI mode of innovation is more prevalent than the STI mode among Estonian firms.•Entrants reap higher benefits from own innovations than incumbents.•Incumbents reap similar benefits from R&D as incumbents in developed economies.•Growth policies for developed economies may be unsuitable for catching-up countries.
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