Background
Vehicle alcohol ignition interlocks reduce alcohol‐impaired driving recidivism while installed, but recidivism reduction does not continue after removal. It has been suggested that ...integrating alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment with interlock programs might extend the effectiveness of interlocks in reducing recidivism beyond their removal. This study evaluated the first implementation of a Florida policy mandating AUD treatment for driving under the influence (DUI) offenders on interlocks. Treatment was required when the offender accumulated 3 violations (defined as 2 “lockouts” within 4 hours; a lockout occurs when the device prevents a drinking driver from starting the vehicle).
Methods
Cox regression was used to compare alcohol‐impaired driving recidivism during the 48 months following the interlock removal between 2 groups: (i) 640 multiple DUI offenders who received AUD treatment while interlocks were installed; and (ii) 806 matched offenders not mandated to treatment while interlocks were installed.
Results
The ignition interlock plus treatment group experienced 32% lower recidivism, 95% confidence interval 9, 49, following the removal of the interlock during the 12 to 48 months in which they were compared with the nontreatment group. We estimated that this decline in recidivism would have prevented 41 rearrests, 13 crashes, and almost 9 injuries in crashes involving the 640 treated offenders over the period following interlock removal.
Conclusions
This study provides strong support for the inclusion of AUD treatment for offenders in interlock programs based on the number of times they are “locked out.” The offenders required to attend treatment demonstrated a one‐third lower DUI recidivism following their time on the interlock compared to similar untreated offenders.
It is commonly accepted nowadays that external knowledge sources are important for firms' innovative performance. However, it is still not clear, what dimensions of firms' external knowledge search ...strategy are crucial in determining their innovation success and whether these search strategies are contingent on different innovation modes. In this study, we analyse how the innovative performance is affected by the scope, depth, and orientation of firms' external search strategies. We apply this analysis to firms using STI (science, technology and innovation) and DUI (doing, using and interacting) innovation modes. Based on a survey among firms in China, we find that greater scope and depth of openness for both innovation modes improves innovative performance indicating that open innovation is also relevant beyond science and technology based innovation. Furthermore, we find that decreasing returns in external search strategies, suggested by
Laursen and Salter (2006), are not always present and are contingent on the innovation modes. Next, we find that the type of external partners (we label it “orientation of openness”) is crucial in explaining innovative performance and that firms using DUI or STI innovation modes have different sets of relevant innovation partners. This shows that the orientation of openness is an important dimension—in addition to the scope and depth of openness. As respondents are located in China, this study provides evidence that open innovation is also relevant in developing countries.
► Open innovation is also beneficial beyond science and technology based innovation. ► Greater scope and depth of openness improves firm's innovative performance. ► The orientation of openness is crucial in explaining innovative performance. ► Firms using different innovation modes require different types of partners.
Driving under the influence (DUI) remains an important threat to public health in the United States, and a substantial literature has evaluated the effectiveness of state-mandated penalties. ...Researchers have overlooked accelerated use of obscured fees and surcharges levied by local and state court systems added to penalties in the past 15 years. We present data regarding DUI penalties for offenders with a blood alcohol content (BAC of 0.08) and the fees and surcharges attached to them in Minnesota, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Iowa, and variation in these within Wisconsin at four BAC levels. In all states, surcharges and fees exceed penalty fines substantially. Variation within Wisconsin is also meaningful. Our data suggest that opaque costs in state court systems add a substantial financial burden to DUI penalties, particularly for those with lower incomes. An appraisal of the deterrent role of these added costs is warranted.
Research into factors related to drink-driving is one of the challenges the researchers face in their scientific work. Creating conditions that would serve for prediction of driving under the ...influence of alcohol (DUI) is one of the goals of such research studies. A meta-analysis of DUI-related factors has been performed in this study. The first stage of the analysis includes the search of the ScienceDirect database. Two phrases have been used for the search: "alcohol and crash" and "DUI and crash". The research from the mentioned journal that is included in the meta-analysis, had to satisfy the condition in which the association between one of the factors and driving under the influence has been presented. The following are the three ways in which DUI has been defined: 1) self-reported behaviour, 2) testing performed by police officers, and 3) involvement in a road accident while being under the influence of alcohol. The second stage has seen the creation of a database of the strength of association between one of the factors and DUI, taken from selected papers in the database. All the factors that could be related to alcohol have been observed and included the following: driving style, characteristics of the driver, time and place of driving, characteristics of the vehicle, etc. Following the search of more than 1,000 studies in this field, an odds ratio has been created to associate the factors with DUI. The odds ratio of association (OR) represents the strength of association between a particular factor and DUI. By applying the mentioned methodology, a conclusion on the association between the factors and DUI has been drawn and may be used for prediction and as a typical example of DUI drivers in road traffic. When it comes to driver behaviour, the most important predictors of DUI are excessive speed, driving at night-time, failing to wear a seat belt, previous DUI experience, the presence of passengers in a car. As for the location, the greatest odds ratio associated with a DUI driver concerns driving an older car on a two-lane road in the urban area. The results of this study can be used for further development of the legislation related to drink-driving and consequently for improvement of the road safety situation in a territory.
Taking an evolutionary economic geography perspective, we build on literature on innovation modes, the aim of this study being to explain variations in SME innovation performance across European ...regions over time. Drawing on five waves of data from the EU Regional Innovation Scoreboard between 2011 and 2019, our sample includes 221 regions across 27 EU Member States, as well as Norway, UK, Serbia, and Switzerland. We apply nascent panel fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to explore how different combinations of SME innovation modes explain innovation performance across different EU regions (i.e. geographical scope) as well as within different EU regions over time (i.e. temporal stability). Findings show that whether DUI or STI modes are more effective in the context of SMEs crucially depends on the timeframe considered, but also the geographical location of SMEs. The study offers novel insights into the diverse and complex nature through which regional innovation evolves over time, advancing understanding on regionalization as well as temporality of SME innovation modes in Europe. It also provides an important basis for discussing innovation policy across Europe.
•This study explores how SME innovation modes vary by region and time across Europe.•We use panel fsQCA and map-based analysis on data from 221 EU regions between 2011 and 2019.•Effectiveness of DUI and STI modes depend on the timeframe and location of SMEs.•Findings provide an important basis for designing and evaluating innovation policy.
Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death for young adults (YA) in the USA, and driving under the influence of alcohol (DUIA), cannabis (DUIC), and simultaneous use of both substances ...(DUIAC) are prominent risk factors. Trends in YA impaired driving behaviors after opening of cannabis retail stores have been understudied. We examined YA trends in DUIA, DUIC, and DUIAC from immediately prior through 5 years following the opening of cannabis retail outlets in Washington State (2014-2019). Differences in trends were assessed across age, sex, and urbanicity. Weighted logistic regressions assessed yearly change in prevalence of DUIA, DUIC, and DUIAC from 2014 to 2019, using annual statewide data from the Washington Young Adult Health Survey (n = 12,963; ages 18-25). Moderation of trends by age, sex, and urbanicity was assessed. Prevalence of DUIA decreased overall (AOR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.90, 0.97) and among drinkers (AOR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.91, 0.99) but remained at concerning levels in 2019 (10% overall; 16% among drinkers). Overall DUIC did not change significantly (AOR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.96, 1.03; 11% by 2019) but decreased among those who used cannabis (AOR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.86, 0.96; 33% by 2019). DUIAC decreased but not significantly (overall: AOR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.78, 1.01; those who used alcohol and cannabis: AOR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.74, 1.04). Prevalence of YA DUI remained concerning. Trends may reflect some success in reducing DUI, but additional detection and prevention are needed.
► In Norway, engagement with external agents is an important source of firm innovation. ► Both STI and DUI-modes of interaction matter for innovation. ► Interaction with suppliers and customers ...promotes innovation. ► But collaboration with competitors limits the propensity to innovate. ► Interaction with agents outside the region is a more important source of innovation than that at the local level.
This paper examines the sources of firm product and process innovation in Norway. It uses a purpose-built survey of 1604 firms in the five largest Norwegian city-regions to test, by means of a logit regression analysis, Jensen et al.’s (2007) contention that firm innovation is both the result of ‘Science, Technology and Innovation’ (STI) and ‘Doing, Using and Interacting’ (DUI) modes of firm learning. The paper classifies different types of firm interaction into STI-mode interaction (with consultants, universities, and research centres) and DUI-mode interaction, distinguishing between DUI interaction within the supply-chain (i.e. with suppliers and customers) or not (with competitors). It further controls for the geographical locations of partners. The analysis demonstrates that engagement with external agents is closely related to firm innovation and that both STI and DUI-modes of interaction matter. However, it also shows that DUI modes of interaction outside the supply-chain tend to be irrelevant for innovation, with frequent exchanges with competitors being associated with lower levels of innovation. Collaboration with extra-regional agents is much more conducive to innovation than collaboration with local partners, especially within the DUI mode.
Background
Prevalence of nitrous oxide (N2O) use appears to be increasing in numerous countries worldwide, and excessive use has been associated with physical and mental problems. Because there ...currently is no consensus whether N2O has addictive potential, we aimed to evaluate the evidence for the presence and prevalence of DSM‐5 substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms in N2O users.
Analysis
A literature search was conducted to assess the evidence for the presence of any of the 11 DSM‐5 SUD symptoms in N2O users and the prevalence experiencing those symptoms. A substantial part of the studied N2O users use more than intended (i.e. 46% to 98%) and spend a substantial amount of time using N2O. At least some of the studied N2O users experience interpersonal problems (i.e. 13% to 80%) and use N2O in risky situations, such as driving under the influence. Evidence for the other criteria is either insufficient or inconclusive.
Conclusions
The literature base for the presence and prevalence of DSM‐5 substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms in nitrous oxide (N2O) users is limited and largely consists of qualitative studies and case studies, but it provides consistent evidence for the presence of at least four SUD criteria in heavy N2O users. N2O could well be addictive and should be treated as a potentially addictive substance until systematic assessments can provide evidence‐based guidance to users, healthcare professionals and legislators.
Crime over the welfare payment cycle Stam, Marco T. C.; Knoef, Marike G.; Ramakers, Anke A. T.
Economic inquiry,
July 2024, Letnik:
62, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This study examines criminal behavior over the welfare payment cycle. Using unique individual‐level administrative data on welfare recipients, we exploit exogenous variation in payment dates over ...time and across Dutch municipalities. The results suggest that financially motivated crime increases by 12% over the payment cycle, indicating serious financial constraints toward the end of the month. Non‐financially motivated offenses, particularly sex and violent offenses and driving under the influence offenses (DUIs), peak directly after benefits receipt and decrease over the payment cycle, suggesting an underlying spike in consumption conducive to crime. Public order offenses and DUIs also increase with weekend disbursement.
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