Background/objectives: Inadequate HIV care for hard-to-reach populations may result in failing the UNAIDS 90-90-90 goal. Therefore, we aimed to review the HIV continuum of care and hard-to-reach ...populations for each step of the continuum in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe.
Methods: Euro-guidelines in Central and Eastern Europe (ECEE) Network Group were created in February 2016. The aim of the network was to review the standards of HIV care in the countries of the region. Information about each stage of HIV continuum of care and hard-to-reach populations for each stage was collected through on-line surveys. Respondents were ECEE members chosen based on their expertise and involvement in national HIV care. Data sources (year 2016) used by respondents included HIV Clinics electronic databases, Institutes of Public Health, Centres for AIDS Prevention, and HIV Programme Reviews.
Results: The percentage of people living with HIV (PLHIV) linked to HIV care after HIV diagnosis was ranged between 80% and 96% in Central Europe, 51% and 92% in Eastern Europe and 80% and 100% in South-Eastern Europe. The percentage of PLHIV who are on ART was ranged from 80% to 93% in Central Europe, 18% to 92% in Eastern Europe and 80% to 100% in South-Eastern Europe. The percentage of people virologically suppressed while on ART was reported as 70-95%, 12-95% and 62-97% in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, respectively. All three regions reported people who inject drugs (PWID) as hard-to-reach population across all HIV continuum stages. Migrants were the second most reported hard-to-reach population. The proportion of late presenters among newly diagnosed ranged between 20% and 55%, 40% and 55% and 48% and 60% in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, respectively. Four countries reported ARVs' delivery delays resulting in treatment interruptions in 2016: two (25%) in South-Eastern, one (20%) in Central and 1 (16.7%) in Eastern Europe.
Conclusion: Irrespective of the diversity in national HIV epidemics, countries from all three regions reported PWIDs as hard-to-reach population across all HIV continuum stages. Some countries are close to the UNAIDS 2020 goals, others need to strive for progress. However, differences in data sources and variations in definitions limit the utility of continuum of care as a comparative tool.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with protean manifestations that predominantly affects young women. Certain ethnic groups are more vulnerable than others to developing SLE ...and experience increased morbidity and mortality. Reports of the global incidence and prevalence of SLE vary widely, owing to inherent variation in population demographics, environmental exposures and socioeconomic factors. Differences in study design and case definitions also contribute to inconsistent reporting. Very little is known about the incidence of SLE in Africa and Australasia. Identifying and remediating such gaps in epidemiology is critical to understanding the global burden of SLE and improving patient outcomes. Mortality from SLE is still two to three times higher than that of the general population. Internationally, the frequent causes of death for patients with SLE include infection and cardiovascular disease. Even without new therapies, mortality can potentially be mitigated with enhanced quality of care. This Review focuses primarily on the past 5 years of global epidemiological studies and discusses the regional incidence and prevalence of SLE and top causes of mortality.
This book examines the history of Karaism, a Jewish religious movement that emerged in the ninth century in Iraq and Palestine, in opposition to rabbinic Judaism and the notion of the Oral Torah. ...This important current of medieval Judaism, of which a few communities remain today, is a remarkable example of the complexity and variety of Judaism. Cet ouvrage étudie l'histoire du karaïsme, un mouvement religieux juif, apparu au ixe siècle, en Iraq et en Palestine, qui s’oppose au judaïsme rabbinique et à la notion de Torah orale. Ce courant important du judaïsme médiéval, dont il reste quelques communautés aujourd’hui, est un exemple remarquable de la complexité et de la variété du judaïsme.
The text is the introduction to the new issue of Studia Litteraria et Historica. As such, it presents and conceptualises the category of failure in reference to Central and Eastern Europe in the last ...few decades of the twentieth century. It outlines the subject matter of respective texts and convergences of the points of view of their authors.
•Field experiments representing climate change in Central Europe are scarce.•A space-for-time approach simulating a temperature increase of 2.5–3°C was tested.•Increased temperature and drought ...stress caused a marked decrease in yield.•Better-adapted cultivars were identified.•Traits contributing to better adaptation were identified.
Climate change in Central Europe is expected to influence crop growth through frequent drought and heat extremes. Wheat contributing about 20% of the total dietary calories and proteins worldwide, is sensitive to heat and drought, especially during its reproductive stages. To develop strategies to improve climate resilience in wheat, a comprehensive field evaluation was carried out under drier and warmer field conditions in Moldova from 2016 to 2019 for forty winter wheat varieties from Germany and Eastern Europe. The grain yield of German cultivars grown in Moldova ranged from 4.46–6.58 t/ha from 2016 to 2019 and was 40% lower compared to the same cultivars grown in Southern Germany. This is significantly more than the reduction predicted by current process-based crop yield models considering only seasonal temperature effects and not combined drought effects. Among all the wheat varieties tested in Moldova, Eastern European varieties and German hybrids achieved the best yield performance across the years. The lower grain yield of German wheat varieties was mainly due to the reduction in grain filling duration, which led to a decrease in the grain filling rate and thousand-grain weight. A higher grain filling rate contributed to a higher grain yield in the Eastern European varieties. These results suggest that well-adapted varieties with a faster rate of development and an earlier start of grain filling have a notable advantage under drought and heat conditions, providing a useful genetic source to increase heat and drought tolerance in future plant breeding programs. The space-for-time approach used in this study allows for the investigation of combined heat and drought, reflecting anticipated or future climate conditions without taking into account CO2 effects.
This essay explores the relationship of trauma, memory and locality in works of autobiographical nonfiction by Daniel Mendelsohn, Rita Gabis and Julija Šukys. While the lineage of the first extends ...to historical victims of the Holocaust in Eastern Europe and the lineage of the latter extends (mainly) to historical perpetrators, their works are examined here as examples of third-generation Holocaust postmemory. Each reflects on the experience of war and displacement through the prism of the stories and silences that circulated in their families and émigré communities from Eastern Europe in North America. Each challenges the received family narrative, travels to the site of historical atrocity, and contemplates individual and collective implication in the Holocaust. These texts manifest an agonistic strategy of remembrance that reflects multiple, incommensurable subject-positions. As distinct from the nationalist utopia of antagonistic memory and the de-territorialized ethics of cosmopolitan memory, they highlight locality as the arena for an encounter with the other.
This article examines the process of the transformation of agricultural systems in post-communist Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. It focuses on the survival of large agricultural firms, ...known as corporate farms, during periods of economic liberalization, privatization, land reform, and the restructuring of economies and the agricultural sector. The survival of corporate farms plays a significant role in driving structural changes within the farming sector and facilitating the transition from centrally planned to market-driven farming systems in the respective countries.
The study investigates the factors correlated to the survival of corporate farms based on cross-country data analysis for 17 CEE countries. The survival of corporate farms can be correlated with a combination of farm-specific characteristics, sector-specific factors within the agricultural industry, country-specific natural and other resource endowments, and external factors related to a conducive economic environment.
The study examines the viability of corporate farms by utilizing a comprehensive dataset encompassing 17 CEE countries between 2007 and 2019. The accelerated failure time model is employed to estimate the survival probabilities of these farms. The study uses the Nelson-Aalen estimator to calculate the cumulative hazard function and Kaplan-Meier survival function. Additionally, the baseline estimation of the two-level mixed-effects Weibull accelerated failure time model is utilized. Furthermore, estimations are conducted under various assumptions regarding sample restriction to ensure the robustness of the results.
We find remarkable differences in corporate farm survival rates among 17 CEE countries. We document that legal format, ownership structure, and corporate finance indicators are highly relevant to corporate farm survival. Estimations reveal the non-linear correlation between corporate-farm size and age and their survival. We show that agricultural factor endowments and agricultural trade openness exhibit statistically significant and economically meaningful correlations with the survival probability of the sample farms.
Farm-, sector- and country-specific factors play a crucial role in agri-food production, as well as regional and global food security. Diverse agricultural system structures may be associated with distinct farm attributes, various agricultural sector- and country-specific factors, and diverse allocations of agricultural resources. Better agricultural factor endowments and a conducive macroeconomic environment can foster comparative advantages and enhance corporate farm viability and survival. The findings of this study may be of significance to scholars and practitioners who are interested in comprehending the shifts in agricultural farm structures within agricultural systems.
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•The corporate farm survival may be one of the main drivers of changes in agricultural systems.•The survival of corporate farms may be associated with farm- and agricultural industry-specific, and other exogenous factors.•The legal format, ownership structure, and corporate finance indicators are relevant to corporate farm survival.•The agricultural factor endowments exhibit economically meaningful association with the survival probability.
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