PurposeThe stringency policy and economic support policy in response to and to address the coronavirus disease 2019 have become a significant concern since the end of 2019. The motivation that led to ...this study is that, the selection of the stringency policy and the economic support policy appear to have brought about the opposite effects of the environmental costs of carbon dioxide emissions. The study's objective is to examine the contradictory impacts of these stringency and economic support policies on carbon dioxide emissions.Design/methodology/approachThis study applies panel data for the top four countries responsible for carbon dioxide emission, namely China, the United States of America, India and Russia. A fully modified ordinary least squares estimator and dynamic ordinary least squares estimator are employed to determine the long-run parameters.FindingsThe results indicate that the effect of reduced carbon dioxide emissions due to a one-unit increase in the stringency policy is greater than the effect of increased carbon dioxide emissions caused by a one-unit increase in the economic support policy. Hence, if the two policies are implemented simultaneously, a positive net effect on environmental costs will be gained.Research limitations/implicationsThe study investigates in a general scope, the impact these response policies have on the environment. Future researchers may enhance the research on environmental impact in different sectors due to the implementation of both policies to enrich the analytical perspective.Practical implicationsThe results have provided implications for policymakers to emphasize more on stringency-oriented policies while giving economic support to the low-income or unemployed households in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.Originality/valueDespite the foreseen effects of the stringency policy and economic support policy, there has hardly been any studies that have explored empirically the nexus between both policies with carbon dioxide emissions in one empirical model. Furthermore, the paper uses the high-frequency data in determining the contradictory impacts of stringency policy and economic support policy on CO2 emissions.
This paper studies new changes in elderly care in urban areas against the background of population aging with data from the China Social Survey 2021. The study revealed that urban families mainly ...adopt two models—the “living-with-the-elderly” model and the “providing-economic-support” model—and that there is a substitution effect between the two models. Regarding individual characteristics, younger individuals with higher education levels tend to use the providing-economic-support model instead of the living-with-the-elderly model. In terms of family features, the greater the number of underage children in a family is, the greater the probability of giving economic support and the lower the probability of living with elderly people, reflecting a family resource allocation model centered on “children”. This paper further explores the impact of urban female employment on family care model choice and finds that employed women are more inclined to use economic support instead of living with elderly people. The study suggested that the government should gradually improve the public resource support system, promote community service infrastructure development, and expand professional service supply capabilities.
The elderly face multiple vulnerabilities such as health, economy and society, and are prone to catastrophic health expenditures. This study aims to analyze the impact of children's intergenerational ...economic support, emotional support, and illness on the catastrophic health expenditures of middle-aged and elderly families.
Using China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2018) data to calculate the catastrophic health expenditure of Chinese households as the dependent variable. Taking children's intergenerational economic support, emotional support and multimorbidity as core independent variables, gender, age, marital status, medical insurance and other variables as control variables, and perform logistic regression analysis. According to the heterogeneity analysis of age and gender, the impact of intergenerational economic support, emotional support and multimorbidity on the catastrophic health expenditure of middle-aged and elderly families is explored.
When catastrophic health expenditures occur in middle-aged and elderly families, the children's intergenerational economic support will increase significantly, especially in families with members aged 60-74. Children's emotional support can effectively reduce the risk of catastrophic health expenditures for middle-aged and elderly families. Compared with children's intergenerational economic support and emotional support, the impact of multimorbidity on the catastrophic health expenditures of middle-aged and elderly families is the most significant. Suffering from multimorbidity can increase the risk of catastrophic health expenditures for middle-aged and elderly families, especially families with male members suffering from multiple diseases.
It is recommended that we should do a good job in popularizing the knowledge of chronic diseases to minimize the occurrence of multimorbidity. The government should establish group medical insurance related to chronic disease diagnosis. According to the severity of the disease or the special circumstances of the patient, the level of medical insurance reimbursement is divided in detail, especially for chronic disease clinics and drug reimbursement. Children should be encouraged to strengthen the emotional connection and effective care of the elderly, focusing on the elderly 60-74 years old, in order to reduce their care pressure and maintain the physical and mental health of the elderly.
The paper presents a modern methodology for estimating the impact of different age groups on the production and distribution of national income, called national transfer (generational) accounts. The ...human economic lifecycle is divided into stages defined by the ratio of labour income to consumption. In middle ages, gained income is higher than current consumption. The resulting surplus of resources is supposed to cover the income deficit in older and younger age groups. Estimates of the deficit or surplus at different ages are made for the Russian population for 2013 based on the results of age profiles taken from administrative sources and surveys. In the paper we also estimate the projected changes in the lifecycle deficit under different demographic development scenarios. Age profiles of labour income and consumption are used to calculate the effective economic support and the influence of demographic changes in Russia on economic growth rates in the near future.
PurposeThe study has two objectives, first, to examine the effect of COVID-19 deaths and corruption on the government's policy responses, and second, to investigate the effect of COVID-19, corruption ...and government response on hotel performance, using the developmental system's framework of resilience theory.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilizes hotel data from ten countries collected from 1st March 2020 to 28th February 2021. The data are analyzed using the panel regression analysis in E-views.FindingsThe study confirms that government policies direct impact the hotel performance. Specifically, economic support policies have a positive effect on hotel performance, while COVID-19 deaths and restrictions have a negative impact on hotels. The study also found a strong association between corruption and the level of restrictions that governments choose to implement. Therefore, for effective recovery, governments must be mindful of the context in which businesses operate and the effect of their policies on the hotel industry.Practical implicationsThe strong correlation between COVID-19 deaths and RevPAR highlights the significance of understanding and addressing customers' risk perception to enhance the resilience of the hotel industry. The findings emphasize the importance of collaboration between the hotel industry and the government for effective crisis management and policymaking.Originality/valueThis study empirically examines how various policy responses and crisis levels impact hotel performance. It sheds light on why countries respond to crises differently and the effects of different policy responses on the hotel industry. The study has many implications for the industry stakeholders and policymakers.
The article develops and substantiates the need to determine the causal links between concepts that contribute to the quality of higher education. The lack of motivation for radical reform of higher ...education is still hampered by attempts to use the successful international experience of the process of building a full-fledged system of quality assurance in the provision of educational services. The aim of the article is to develop a model for identifying causal links between the concepts of financial and economic support, which contribute to improving the quality of higher education. A system of concepts of the internal state and macro-environment of financial security has been formed, which has a positive or negative impact on the intensification of higher education. A fuzzy cognitive map of the impact of financial and economic support on improving the quality of higher education has been built. Scales and criteria for providing a qualitative assessment of the impact of the concepts of financial and economic support for the intensification of higher education in accordance with the introduced linguistic sets are calculated on the basis of the trapezoidal number method. The concepts of internal state and macroenvironment for activation of higher education are defined. The negative impact on the level of public spending on education and opportunities for access to ICT, which constrains the prospects for development and realization of the potential of participants in the higher education process, has been proved. The negative impact on the quality of higher education on the migration of students to study abroad has been identified, as access to higher education is almost unlimited due to significant government procurement and relatively low cost of contract education, and the return on higher education is relatively low. According to the simulation results, in order to intensify higher education, it is necessary to focus on the quality of teachers, provide opportunities for development, competence development, obtaining a higher level of qualification, which includes postgraduate and doctoral studies and academic degrees. Currently, an important priority of the European innovation system is the formation of the European Research Area. That is why there is a need to find effective mechanisms to influence the quality of research and innovation, which is represented by the number of publications / patents / CAT, investment and innovation projects, grants. Support for these concepts will provide an opportunity to unleash scientific and innovative potential, have a high social status in society and will improve the quality of educational services provided.
Keywords: higher education, cognitive modeling, financial and economic support, consonance and dissonance, influence on the system, concepts of internal state, concepts of macroenvironment.
JEL Classіfіcatіon І22, G17
Formulas: 9; fig.: 1; tabl.: 5; bibl.: 11.
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the causalresponse of the stock market returns to COVID-19 related economicsupport in 19 emerging countries by using the Maximal Overlap Dis-crete ...Wavelet Transform (MODWT) and Fourier Toda-YamamotoCausality Test (FTYCT). With the help of MODWT, we identify theinstant, short-term, mid-term and long-term reactions of stock mar-ket returns and COVID-19 related economic support to each other.Implementing FTYCT, we determine the existence of the causal re-lationships running from COVID-19 related economic support tostock returns. We obtain two major results. First, the COVID-19related economic support have significant effects on stock marketreturns in the short-, medium-, and long-term, except in China. Sec-ond, the results of the causality tests vary across countries based onthe different time scales. Some emerging markets show an immedi-ate reaction to the Economic Support, while most stock market reac-tions occur over the medium- and long-term. Since economic sup-port will created unintended effects on stock market returns, the waythat these support policies are implemented should be reconsidered.Also, their effectiveness should be evaluated carefully.
One of the criminological science dogmas is that prophylaxis and prevention of offenses are made at three levels: general social (in society as a whole), special (in relation to certain types ...(groups) of offenses) and individual (with a specific offender). Some scientists allocate the fourth level of prophylaxis and prevention of an offense into regional or sectoral ones. Some scholars call these levels somewhat differently, but their content is approximately the same, and, most importantly, they all aim to create a sense of security of each of us from violations of norms of laws, morals, traditions, etc. Of course, the scientific provision of crime prevention is impossible without a proper economic basis. The complexity of such studies is that since the end of 2013 and till now the development of Ukraine was marked by the acute problem of ensuring security in the full sense of the word and the leveling of the single person’s safety. We hope that making a sociological study of the economic factors of the effectiveness of victimological prevention of the living environment from a human position may be a part of the general return to the state development vector of a person with its rights, freedoms and responsibilities.
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