The author presents the history of the Church of Egypt after the Council of Chalcedon (451), and trying to determine the final destruction of the unity of Patriarchate of Alexandria. At the beginning ...of the crisis were the decisions taken at the Council, but the process of creating a separate patriarchates (Melkite and Monophysite) in Egypt last long. Some researchers, such as William H.C. Frend, consider turning point in this process the death of the Emperor Justinian (565), while in the East began to create a separate Monophysite Church hierarchy. Such conclusions appear premature regards Egypt, although these may be correct with regard to Syria. It seems that the creation of two separate Christian Churches in Egypt take place in Egypt later, during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (610-641).
The Historia Monachorum contains material which is instructive for social life in fourth century Egypt, for monasticism in its exterior aspects in Egypt, and for the spiritual and moral approach of ...visitors to Egypt in recording the account of the lives of the monks. One of the elements in the whole literature of early monasticism which is perhaps especially unfamiliar to the modern reader is the account it gives of miracles There are in the Historia Monachorum the miracles of clairvoyance; the miracles of healing; miraculous dreams and visions; and ‘nature’ miracles. These events are not seen primarily as mirabilia, as things to be wondered at for their strangeness, as being contrary to the course of nature. There are signs, and signs of the power of God. There are, moreover, signs that God is working as strongly now as he did among the prophets and apostles. They illustrate the virtus of the monks, and place them directly in the line of the biblical revelation of the power of God.
The aim of this paper was to present the Egyptian land in two apocalyptic texts both written in a Coptic language. First – the Apocalypse of Elijah (written in two Coptic dialectical versions: ...Sahidic and Achmimic) – shows a typical biblical meaning of Egypt as a place full of pain, death and fear. On the other hand, in the Codex VI of the Nag Hammadi Library there is the Apocalypse which gives us quite different image of that part of African land. This very Apocalypse is called the Apocalypse of Hermes Trismegistos or the Hermetic Apocalypse (written in Sahidic dialect and partly in the ancient Greek, whole test is composed in a Latin version and attributed to Ps-Apuleius of Madaura). Here, Egypt seems to be a paradise – image of heaven, land of gods and beautiful temples. But suddenly, that peaceful part of the world turns into “hell” with death, blood and pain – just like in the Apocalypse of Elijah. Our purpose was to analyze those two Coptic Apocalypse, compare the results and finally, try to find the answer on the basic questions: Egypt – heaven or hell? Could it be that this land was full of blood because of monotheistic religion?
This volume is designed as an introduction to the contemporary Egyptian author Sonallah Ibrahim, one of the most important Arabic novelists of the modern era, with an unrivalled reputation for ...independence and integrity among contemporary Egyptian writers. The first study in any language devoted exclusively to Sonallah Ibrahim, the volume discusses each of the author's novels individually, beginning with the seminal Tilka al-ra'iha That Smell (1966) and ending with al-Jalid Ice (2011). Each work is discussed individually in its literary, social, historical and political context. The volume traces the evolution of Sonallah Ibrahim's work in terms both of their themes and of their literary technique, and concludes with an attempt at an overall evaluation of the author's contribution to the contemporary Egyptian novel. Paul Starkey's account shows how innovative and stylistically rich the Arabic novel has become over a period of some fifty years, beyond the better-known work of writers such as Naguib Mahfouz and Yusuf Idris. As such, the volume will serve as an introduction not only to the individual author but also to the development of Egyptian (and, more generally, Arabic) literature over the last half century.
Egipt jest coraz popularniejszy wśród polskich turystów. Wyjazdom do tego państwa sprzyja niezwykle korzystna cena wycieczek w porównaniu z ofertami innych nadmorskich krajów. Jedną z przyczyn tego ...stanu jest fakt, że Egipt stanowi jedną z tzw. destynacji dolarowych. W sytuacji, gdy kurs dolara w stosunku do euro jest niższy, a złotówka ma silną pozycję wobec obu tych walut, wycieczki do Egiptu mają bardzo atrakcyjne ceny. Główny cel przyjazdu do Egiptu to: turystyka wypoczynkowa (piękne plaże), kursy nurkowania, snorkeling, windsurfing, żeglarstwo, jachting, wędkarstwo, golf oraz turystyka poznawcza. Intensywność zainteresowania oraz możliwości finansowe potencjalnych turystów spowodowały powstanie lokalnych biur podroży, które zajęły się zaspokajaniem nowych potrzeb – przygotowaniem ofert turystyki i wypoczynku. Co roku do Egiptu przybywa duża liczba polskich turystów, którzy pragną poznać i zwiedzić ten kraj. W związku z tym w egipskich kurortach powstają polsko-egipskie biura podróży oferujące turystom lokalne, fakultatywne wycieczki. W artykule omówiono działalność największych polsko-egipskich biur podróży w Szarm el-Szejk (ang. Sharm el-Sheikh), takich jak: E-Sharm.Pl, Słoneczny Sharm, PolSharm, czy Esti Tours. Autorka przedstawia wyniki badań, które przeprowadziła w sierpniu 2015 roku w Szarm el-Szejk wśród polskich turystów, którzy korzystali z usług lokalnych biur podróży. Zaprezentowano dane o tym, jaką formę turystyki i wypoczynku preferują ankietowani w Egipcie, co skłoniło ich do skorzystania z usług danego biura podróży, jak dowiedzieli się o jego istnieniu, w ilu fakultatywnych wycieczkach uczestniczyli, czym kierowali się przy wyborze lokalnego biura oraz ile pieniędzy wydali w polsko-egipskich biurach podróży działających w Szarm el-Szejk. Dokonano również analizy najczęściej wybieranych przez polskich turystów wycieczek fakultatywnych oraz oceny ich organizacji.
Current Research in Egyptology 2019 presents the papers
and posters from the twentieth meeting of the prestigious
international student Egyptology conference, on this occasion held
at the University ...of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. The
conference took place 17-21 June 2019 at the Major College of San
Ildefonso, the historic centre of the University of Alcalá, with
almost 200 participants from various countries and institutions all
over the world. The conference addressed a wide range of topics
including all periods of ancient Egyptian History and different
aspects of its material culture, archaeology, history, society,
religion and language. Fifteen wide-ranging papers are published
here with wider information on the scientific and cultural
programme of the conference.
Jewish life in medieval Egypt, hitherto an obscure and understudied theme, is revealed in this volume in all its complexity and richness. This book offers the most recent scholarship on the communal, ...judicial, economic, lingual, familial, and spiritual aspects of Jewish life medieval Islamic Egypt.
Environment and Religion in Ancient and Coptic Egypt: Sensing
the Cosmos through the Eyes of the Divine presents the
proceedings of a conference held in Athens between 1st-3rd February
2017. The ...Hellenic Institute of Egyptology, in close collaboration
with the Writing & Scripts Centre of Bibliotheca Alexandrina
and the University of Alexandria, organized the conference
concerning the ancient Egyptian religion, Coptic Christianity and
Environment. Thus, the endeavour was to sense the Cosmos, through a
virtual Einfahlung, as a manifestation of the Divine and
the manifestations of the Divine in the environmental, cosmic and
societal spheres. Egyptians were particularly pious and they
considered their surroundings and the Universe itself as a creation
and a direct immanence of the Divine, being also convinced that
they were congenital parts of the Cosmos and adoring their
divinities, who were also personifications of environmental and/or
cosmic aspects and forces. There are many examples (epigraphic,
textual, monumental, & c.) corroborating these relations and
that ancient Egyptian piety was rooted on the bi-faceted texture of
the ancient Egyptian religion, containing a solar and an astral
component: the former was related to Rec, while the latter was
related to Osiris. The conference took place with participations of
a pleiade of Egyptologists, archaeologists, archaeoastronomers,
theologians, historians and other scholars from more than 15
countries all over the world. In this unique volume are published
most of the contributions of the delegates who sent their papers
for peer-reviewing, enriching the bibliographic resources with
original and interesting articles. This publication of more than
580 pages containing 34 fresh and original papers (plus 2
abstracts) on the ancient Egyptian religion, Environment and the
Cosmos, fruitfully connects many interdisciplinary approaches and
Egyptology, archaeology, archaeoastronomy, geography, botany,
zoology, ornithology, theology and history.
PDF
