•Performance outcomes differ among co-existing innovation strategies for complementary products.•Platform sponsors have an active role in providing complementary products.•Collaboration in ...complementary product innovation (outbound and inbound) may lead to high performance.•Competitive advantages in complementary product development and commercialization depends on the platform lifecycle.
Innovation strategies in complementary product markets come with a dilemma: Platform sponsors must concede third parties autonomy to innovate to make a platform successful, but a platform sponsor must also participate in the complementary product market to make the platform grow, thus acting as a competitor to third parties. We examine the performance outcomes of four innovation strategies based upon combinations of development and commercialization activities, i.e., the proprietary, outbound, inbound and third-party strategies, and their evolution over time. Data was collected from a panel of 4,857 video games for the seventh generation of video consoles in the United States. The findings contribute to research on platform strategy, open innovation, and ecosystem management by highlighting the different performance outcomes of innovation strategies that co-exist in the same platform ecosystem at the same time. The findings emphasize that decisions on appropriate innovation strategies in platform ecosystems are much more complex than they have previously been portrayed as, through the traditional dualities of open or closed, platform sponsors or third parties, or first or subsequent strategies.
Causality tests in the Granger's sense are increasingly applied in empirical research. Since the unit root revolution in time-series analysis, several modifications of tests for causality have been ...introduced in the literature. One of the recent developments is the Toda-Yamamoto modified Wald (MWALD) test, which is attractive due to its simple application, its absence of pre-testing distortions, and its basis on a standard asymptotical distribution irrespective of the number of unit roots and the cointegrating properties of the data. This study investigates the size properties of the MWALD test and finds that in small sample sizes this test performs poorly on those properties when using its asymptotical distribution, the chi-square. It is suggested that use be made of a leveraged bootstrap distribution to lower the size distortions. Monte Carlo simulation results show that an MWALD test based on a bootstrap distribution has much smaller size distortions than corresponding cases when the asymptotic distribution is used. These results hold for different sample sizes, integration orders, and error term processes (homoscedastic or ARCH). This new method is applied to the testing of the efficient market hypothesis.
Our society is highly depending on petroleum for its activities. About 90% is used as an energy source for transportation and for generation of heat and electricity and the remaining as feedstocks in ...the chemical industry. However, petroleum is a finite source as well as causing several environmental problems such as rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Petroleum therefore needs to be replaced by alternative and sustainable sources. Plant oils and oleochemicals derived from them represent such alternative sources, which can deliver a substantial part of what is needed to replace the petroleum used as feedstocks.
Plant derived feedstock oils can be provided by two types of oil qualities, multi-purpose and technical oils. Multi-purpose oils represent oil qualities that contain common fatty acids and that can be used for both food and feedstock applications. Technical oil qualities contain unusual fatty acids with special properties gained from their unique molecular structure and these types of oils should only be used for feedstock applications. As a risk mitigation strategy in the selection of crops, technical oil qualities should therefore preferably be produced by oil crop platforms dedicated for industrial usage.
This review presents a short survey of oil crop platforms to be considered for either multi-purpose or technical oils production. Included among the former platforms are some of the major oil crops in cultivation such as oil palm, soybean and rapeseed. Among the later are those that could be developed into dedicated industrial platforms such as crambe, flax, cotton and
Brassica carinata. The survey finishes off by highlighting the potential of substantial increase in plant oil production by developing metabolic flux platforms, which are starch crops converted into oil crops.
From fundamental concepts and results to recent advances in computational social choice, this open access book provides a thorough and in-depth look at multi-winner voting based on approval ...preferences. The main focus is on axiomatic analysis, algorithmic results and several applications that are relevant in artificial intelligence, computer science and elections of any kind. What is the best way to select a set of candidates for a shortlist, for an executive committee, or for product recommendations? Multi-winner voting is the process of selecting a fixed-size set of candidates based on the preferences expressed by the voters. A wide variety of decision processes in settings ranging from politics (parliamentary elections) to the design of modern computer applications (collaborative filtering, dynamic Q&A platforms, diversity in search results, etc.) share the problem of identifying a representative subset of alternatives. The study of multi-winner voting provides the principled analysis of this task. Approval-based committee voting rules (in short: ABC rules) are multi-winner voting rules particularly suitable for practical use. Their usability is founded on the straightforward form in which the voters can express preferences: voters simply have to differentiate between approved and disapproved candidates. Proposals for ABC rules are numerous, some dating back to the late 19th century while others have been introduced only very recently. This book explains and discusses these rules, highlighting their individual strengths and weaknesses. With the help of this book, the reader will be able to choose a suitable ABC voting rule in a principled fashion, participate in, and be up to date with the ongoing research on this topic.
This new book examines the structural forces behind mega trends in China, refuting conventional wisdom and demystifying media and market hypes about business opportunity and policy. It uses rigorous ...economic research and evidence to provide a new view of mega trends in China, and expose new trends and problems that will affect China and the World.
De nieuwe voetgangerszone is een van de grootste stadsprojecten die de afgelopen decennia ontworpen zijn voor het Brusselse stadscentrum. In 2015 werd de Anspachlaan, een transitweg, verboden voor ...autoverkeer. Intussen is de vernieuwing van de openbare ruimte en van de belangrijkste metrostations bijna voltooid. De uitvoering en de uitdagingen van dit stadsproject zijn per definitie complex. Ervaringen uit binnen- en buitenland en het onderzoek van het BSI-BCO tonen dat het project een grote impact zal hebben op verschillende vlakken, waaronder de kwaliteit van de openbare ruimte, huisvesting en voorzieningen, lokale economie en werkgelegenheid, mobiliteit, bereikbaarheid en logistiek, sociale en culturele activiteiten, enz. Deze synthesenota actualiseert de eerder gepubliceerde nota (nr. 115). Het eerste deel schetst de algemene context van het project, dat niet gespaard werd door verschillende externe crisissen (lockdown na de aanslagen in Parijs, de aanslagen in Brussel, de tunnelcrisis en de coronacrisis uiteraard). Het tweede deel gaat dieper in op de uitdagingen waarmee het project nog altijd geconfronteerd wordt. In het besluit reikt de nota enkele concrete pistes aan voor de verbetering van de kwaliteit en het beheer van het project.
Reeds voordat de Brabantse textielindustrie bloeide en het stedelijk netwerk van het hertogdom zich ontwikkelde, was Antwerpen een handelsplaats en een maritiem centrum. Het was zijn rol als ...verbindingspunt tussen het Rijnland en Engeland die de Scheldestad zijn eerste bloei bezorgde. Wijn en wol waren de belangrijkste goederen die verhandeld en vervoerd werden, dit vanaf het begin van de elfde eeuw. In de dertiende eeuw, de periode waar wij ons in deze bijdrage vooral op richten, ontwikkelde zich, naast deze oude as, een regionale handel waarbij Antwerpen contacten onderhield met de Brabantse steden, Vlaanderen en het Maasland. Verwijzingen in de bronnen naar een internationale rol zijn voor de jaren tussen 1200 en 1300 eerder schaars. De industriële activiteiten in de Sinjorenstad blijven, zeker in vergelijking met Brussel en Leuven, bescheiden. Verscheidene indices wijzen ook op maritieme activiteiten. De Scheldestad was de derde stad van het hertogdom, maar binnen de Brabantse ruimte was Mechelen, met zijn dubbelzinnig politiek statuut economisch sterker dan Antwerpen. Mogelijk werd Antwerpen afgeremd door de relatieve armoede van het omringende platteland.
Anvers au XIIIe siècle. La naissance progressive d’une ville.
Bien avant que ne s’épanouisse l’industrie textile et qu’un réseau de villes ne s’implante dans le duché de Brabant, Anvers était déjà un lieu d’échanges commerciaux et un centre maritime. C’est précisément à ce rôle de point charnière entre la région du Rhin et l’Angleterre que la «ville de l’Escaut » doit son premier essor. Les principaux produits transportés et commercialisés en ces lieux étaient la laine et le vin, et ce depuis le début du XIe siècle. Au XIIIe siècle, qui constitue le coeur de notre étude, s’est développé, en parallèle au courant principal, un commerce régional qui met la ville en relation avec les villes brabançonnes, la Flandre et le pays mosan. En ce qui concerne les années 1200 et 1300, les sources historiques ne contiennent que peu d’informations concernant le rôle d’Anvers sur le plan international. Les activités industrielles de la Sinjorenstad demeurent réduites, en particulier en comparaison avec Bruxelles et Louvain. Divers indices portent également sur une activité maritime. Anvers était la troisième ville du duché, par ordre d’importance, mais, au sein de ce même duché, c’est Malines qui s’impose du point de vue économique, grâce à son statut politique ambigu. Il est possible qu’Anvers ait pâti de la relative faiblesse économique de son environnement rural.
Antwerp in the 13th Century. Steady Development of a City.
Long before the textile industry started to flourish and a network of cities covered the duchy of Brabant, Antwerp was already a place of trade and a maritime centre. The “ Scheldestad” owes its first rise to its particular role of pivotal point between the Rhine region and England. Wool and wine were the main products transported and marketed there since the beginning of the eleventh century. In the thirteenth century, the heart of the present study, regional trade has developed in parallel with the mainstream, linking Antwerp with cities of Brabant, Flanders and Maasland. Historical sources about its international role for the years 1200 and 1300 are scarce. The industrial activities of the “ Sinjorenstad” are still limited, especially in comparison with Brussels and Leuven. Various indices also cover a maritime activity. Antwerp was the third largest city of the duchy, in order of importance, but Malines takes the lead from the economic point of view thanks to its ambiguous political status. It is possible that Antwerp suffered from the relative economic weakness of its hinterland.
Van Gerven Jan. Antwerpen in de XIIIe eeuw. De bescheiden opkomst van een stad. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 94, fasc. 2, 2016. Histoire Médiévale, Moderne et Contemporaine – Middleleeuwse, Moderne en Hedendaagse Geschiedenis. pp. 209-254.
A mail survey of nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners in two counties in northern Sweden was conducted to investigate the risk preferences of NIPF owners and their perceptions of the return and ...risk of timber investment relative to investment alternatives outside forestry. We also used the data collected from the survey to examine the relationship between the stated preferences, subjective judgements, and the observed and planned timber fellings. Our aim was to determine as to what extent the NIPF owners' harvesting behaviour was consistent with their preferences and subjective judgments. The result shows that a majority of the NIPF owners who responded to the survey were risk-neutral or risk-prone. There were no statistically significant correlations between a forest owner's attitudes toward risk and the size of forest property. However, risk preferences have significant impacts on the decision to fell: the more a forest owner likes to take risks, the more likely it is that he/she conducts final felling.
The result also shows large variations among NIPF owners with respect to the subjective judgements of the return and risk of the alternative investments. For each respondent we elicited the most preferred investment alternative based on the stated risk preferences and the subjective judgements of the return and risk of the alternative investments. Owners whose preferred investment alternative is the mature forest are on average significantly less active in harvesting than owners with other preferred investment alternatives. However, there are no significant differences in the felling intensity and the growing stock of timber among the different groups of NIPF owners. The examination of NIPF owners' harvesting behaviour, risk preferences and subjective judgments reveals strong indications of the difficulties for NIPF owners to make rational decisions when faced with uncertainties.
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