U članku se prikazuje kritika hrvatske političke emigracije od njezina sudionika Bogdana Radice. Polazeći od koncepta bijede malih istočnoeuropskih država poznatoga mađarskog povjesničara Istvána ...Bibόa, članak pokazuje kako je Radica bijedu (dijela) hrvatske političke emigracije detektirao u njezinu odbijanju integraciji u društva zapadne Europe i SAD-a zbog odbacivanja vrijednosti liberalne demokracije, stoga je emigracija, prema Radici, propustila ispuniti najvažnije zadaće: pokušati djelovati na javnost i društvene elite zapadnih zemalja u smjeru ostvarenja samostalne Hrvatske. Naposljetku, Radica analizira fenomen terorizma najmlađega emigrantskog vala 1970-ih godina preko koncepta dinarskog poluinteligenta izvedenog iz koncepta poluinteligencije Jósea Ortege Y Gasseta, kojim se Radica već koristio u opisivanju situacije u Hrvatskoj i Jugoslaviji 1945. godine.
U radu se na osnovi dosad neobrađene arhivske građe, hrvatskoga i iseljeničkoga tiska te relevantne literature analizira politička dimenzija posjeta izaslanstva Matice iseljenika Hrvatske ...iseljeničkim zajednicama u Australiji koji je trajao od srpnja do rujna 1971., prvenstveno u kontekstu utjecaja na tzv. proces diferencijacije u iseljeništvu, koji je dosad vrlo slabo istražen. U Hrvatskoj su krajem 1960-ih uočili određena politička raslojavanja u iseljeništvu kao posljedicu dolaska novih iseljenika i kao odraz političkih događanja u domovini tijekom hrvatskoga proljeća te postojećih političkih razlika među samim iseljenicima, što su nastojali iskoristiti da bi neutralizirali utjecaj hrvatske političke emigracije i većinu iseljenika vezali uz domovinu i njezin socijalistički društveno-politički sustav. Cilj rada jest doprinijeti istraživanju povijesti iseljeništva i međuodnosa hrvatskih institucija s iseljeništvom tijekom razdoblja socijalističke Jugoslavije.
This paper analyses the political background of the departure of the Croatian Heritage Foundation’s (CHF) delegation to Australia in summer 1971, i.e. the political reasons behind it and the purpose of the visit. Believing their influence among the expatriates to be great, the CHF decided to use an opportune moment of political divisions among the expatriates in order to neutralise the influence of the political émigrés among the expatriates while simultaneously attempting to gain the support of most expatriates for building closer ties with the homeland and accepting its socialist social-political system. The political divisions among the expatriates, the so-called differentiation process, was a consequence of political differences among the émigrés themselves, the arrival of new expatriates, and the positive influence of political movements in Croatia during the Croatian Spring. This process was particularly prominent in Australia, which was also seen as a bastion of reactionary expatriates, strongly influenced by Croatian political émigrés. The CHF delegation’s journey was planned in agreement with political factors from the Socialist Republic of Croatia. The tenets of the Tenth Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Croatia and the climate of the Croatian Spring—which included a strengthening of Croatian identity at the expense of Yugoslav identity among expatriates—served as their political milestones. The Football Federation of Croatia worked with the CHF in Croatia, while the managements of the football clubs ‘Croatia’, Croatian associations that split off from Croatian Halls owned by political émigrés, Committees of the Croatian Cancer League, the ‘Croatian Youth’ organisation, and parts of the clergy and the pro-Yugoslav émigrés who were ready to work with the rest of the Croatian expatriates were all seen as potential collaborators. The Yugoslav diplomatic missions and consular posts were seen as the factors that should spearhead the differentiation process, but were also considered problematic because Croats were under-represented in them, because they denied the existence of the differentiation process, because they opposed the concentration of expatriates on a national basis, and because they spread the claim that the Croatian émigrés were extremists on the Australian public scene. The main opposition to this process offered by the Croatian political émigrés, who were allied to the Australian conservative government from the moment they arrived in the country. Expatriates unburdened by politics received the delegation well, while the political émigrés viewed it negatively, interpreting its visit as an exclusively political move and casting doubt on its publicly stated goal, which was claimed to be exclusively to expand social and cultural ties. With the change of the political circumstances after the suppression of the Croatian Spring in Karađorđevo, the differentiation process was halted, while the delegation members found themselves subject to much criticism due to their activities in Australia, though they did not suffer any far-reaching political consequences.
U radu se na osnovi neobrađene arhivske građe, hrvatskoga i iseljeničkoga tiska te relevantne literature analiziraju dosad neistražene okolnosti nastale nakon sloma hrvatskoga proljeća u odnosima ...jugoslavenskih društveno-političkih čimbenika s Hrvatskom bratskom zajednicom, s posebnim osvrtom na opće stanje u iseljeništvu u tom razdoblju. Slom hrvatskoga proljeća u iseljeništvu je izazvao val nezadovoljstva i potaknuo aktivnosti hrvatske političke emigracije, koja je tvrdila da je u komunističkoj Jugoslaviji Hrvatska zapostavljena, a hrvatski narod potlačen. U takvoj situaciji jugoslavenski društveno-politički čimbenici posebno su bili zabrinuti zbog reakcija dijela hrvatskoga iseljeništva koje je dotad bilo prijateljski orijentirano prema Jugoslaviji, a koje je počelo prihvaćati stavove političke emigracije. Posebno je bila zabrinjavajuća kritička reakcija predsjednika Hrvatske bratske zajednice Johna Badovinca upućena jugoslavenskom vodstvu, zbog čega je u Sjedinjene Američke Države i Kanadu upućeno izaslanstvo Matice iseljenika Hrvatske. Cilj je rada doprinijeti istraživanju povijesti iseljeništva i međuodnosa hrvatskih institucija s iseljeništvom tijekom razdoblja socijalističke Jugoslavije.
This paper analyses the circumstances that affected Croatian emigrants after the collapse of the Croatian Spring, particularly regarding the relations of important figures in Yugoslav society and political affairs with those of the HBZ (Croatian Fraternal Union). The events in Croatia caused by the collapse of the Croatian Spring in December 1971 and the repressive measures applied to the leading figures in them gave rise to a wave of dissatisfaction among emigrants; in particular those who had left for political reasons, who voiced charges that the Croatian people were disenfranchised and oppressed. Although few in number, with their intense propaganda activity and the public expression of anti-Yugoslav and pro-Croatian attitudes, they caught the attention of the international public and also aroused the sympathy of those emigrants who had been building friendly relations with the homeland and its institutions, which caused considerable concern among diplomatic and socio-political representatives in Yugoslavia. A considerable cause for concern was the criticism of the Yugoslav leadership ensuant upon the collapse of the Croatian Spring expressed by John Badovinac, president of the HBZ, which was the most numerous and wealthiest émigré organization and one that had for years maintained good and amicable relations with Yugoslavia, particularly with the MIH (Croatian Heritage Foundation). The concern grew even more because Badovinac used the same arguments as political émigrés. It was feared that political dissidents, after many years of failure to take over the leadership of HBZ, could do so, which would have caused Yugoslavia to lose the support of slightly more than one million emigrants in the United States of America and Canada. Croatian and Yugoslav diplomatic, social and political institutions adopted a joint policy with regards to the HBZ in order to avoid provoking a reaction; it was decided that the Croatian Heritage Foundation send a delegation to the emigrants of the USA and Canada, primarily with the task of maintaining good relations with the HBZ. During the visit, the delegation met up only with pro-Yugoslav oriented emigration organisations; the talks with the HBZ were successful and exceeded expectations, because Badovinac had been influenced by the pro-Yugoslav majority of the main board of the HBZ as well as by the official American policy supporting the Yugoslav leadership. Owing to the successful maintenance of good relations with the HBZ in the Croatian Heritage Foundation, the conclusion was drawn that in general the work with Croatian emigrants, loyal to Yugoslavia, would be successfully continued, regardless of predictions from the beginning of 1971 that had been disappointing to say the least. On the other hand, regardless of the circumstances in the HBZ, the political emigrant community, encouraged by the development of the situation in the homeland for stronger unity and gathering, also continued with its intense activities among the emigrants.
Republiku Hrvatsku kroz povijest je zahvatilo nekoliko velikih iseljeničkih valova. Posljednji val iseljavanja započeo je pristupanjem Republike Hrvatske Europskoj uniji 2013. godine, a traje i ...danas. Razvijene zemlje Europske unije poput Njemačke, Austrije i Irske postale su glavno odredište hrvatskih iseljenika u potrazi za boljim životom. Cilj ovoga istraživanja je utvrditi stvarno stanje o broju iseljenih Hrvata iz Republike Hrvatske, usporediti podatke sa službenom statistikom Republike Hrvatske te dati zaključak o mogućim posljedicama iseljavanja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se iseljavanje hrvatskih državljana ne može pratiti prema službenim podacima Državnog zavoda za statistiku jer oni nisu usklađeni sa statističkim podacima zemalja emigracije, odnosno broj prijavljenih hrvatskih doseljenika veći je u prosjeku za 62 % od službenih podataka Republike Hrvatske. Prognoze budućih migracija hrvatskih državljana upućuju na gubitak 20 % stanovništva u sljedećih trideset godina zbog čega je već sada potrebno razvijati nove ekonomske, mirovinske, obrazovne i ostale politike koje utječu na demografske promjene.
U ovome će radu biti riječi o pogledima predstavnika hrvatske poratne emigracije na dvije pravopisne koncepcije koje su se izmjenjivale u hrvatskoj pravopisnoj praksi. Uz nekolicinu onih koji su ...zagovarali povratak morfonološkoj, korijenskoj ili etimološkoj pravopisnoj koncepciji pišući svoja jezikoslovna i književna djela po pravilima morfonološkoga/ korijenskoga pisanja postojala je i velika većina koja je ustrajala na upotrebi pravopisa zasnovana pretežito na fonološkome načelu. Za njih je pitanje povratka morfonološkome/ korijenskome pravopisu značilo oživljavanje jedne prekinute pravopisne tradicije kojom bi se zanemarila i obezvrijedila sva dostignuća u razvoju hrvatskoga književnog jezika između dvaju svjetskih ratova.
In the paper, the viewpoints of the representatives of the Croatian post-war emigration in regards to two orthographical concepts, which interchanged in the Croatian orthographical practice, is discussed. Among those who advocated for the return to the morphonological or etymological orthographical concept by writing their linguistic and literary works in accordance with the rules of the morphonological/etymological writing, there was also the majority of those who insisted on the usage of orthography predominantly based on the phonological principle. For them, the question of returning to the morphonological (etymological) orthography meant the revival of an interrupted orthographical tradition, which would neglect and devaluate all of the accomplishments in the development of the Croatian literary language in the interwar period.
Après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, quelques intellectuels
croates émigrés ont proposé d’accepter l’orthographe étymologique de la langue
croate. Ainsi par exemple, le politicien Vladko Maček publia un article
intitulé „La langue et l’orthographe croates“
Hrvatska revija
(no 4, X/1960:
416–419) en se servant de l’orthographe étymologique. Dans cet article, il
s’opposa vivement contre l’orthographe phonétique utilisée généralement en
Croatie et à l’étranger. Parallèlement, le poète croate émigré, Lucijan Kordić
publia un livre de poèmes
Exodus
(1964) en faisant lui aussi usage de l’orthographe
étymologique. Petar Tutavac Bilić, écrivain et linguiste croate, qui vivait en
Argentine, avait publié une revue culturelle
Svitlenik
et un livre
d’orthographe croate étymologique en dialecte ikavien. Selon lui, l’unique
orthographe que tous les Croates devraient employer serait l’’orthographe
étymologique. Contrairement aux intellectuels en faveur de l’orthographe
étymologique, Vinko Nikolić, éditeur de
Hrvatska revija
(
La Revue croate
)
pendant près de quatre décennies, écrivait exclusivement en orthographe phonétique
croate. Mentionnons également quelques linguistes croates en émigration, tels
Christopher Spalatin et Vinko Grubišić, qui, dans leurs écrits défendirent l’orthographe
phonétique en soulignant que l’usage de l’orthographe étymologique fut repris
en 1941 pendant l’État indendant croate, ce qui signifiait l’interruption de la
longue tradition linguistique croate de l’entre-deux-guerres. Les auteurs de
cet article traitent des différentes tendances linguistiques et orthographiques
des émigrés croates après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.
straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba
Publikacijos tikslas – išanalizuoti išeivijoje gyvenusios lietuvių kultūros ir visuomenės veikėjos, rašytojos, pedagogės Halinos ...Didžiulytės-Mošinskienės (1911–2004) laiškus, rašytus Anykščių krašto rašytojams Mildai Telksnytei-Račkaitienei ir Vygandui Račkaičiui. Šie laiškai saugomi Anykščių rajono savivaldybės Liudvikos ir Stanislovo Didžiulių viešojoje bibliotekoje Krašto dokumentų ir kraštotyros skyriuje. Remiantis analizės, sintezės ir apibendrinimo metodais atskleisti laiškų savininkės ryšiai su minėtais Anykščių krašto rašytojais, išnagrinėtas laiškų turinys, juose gvildenta 1918–1940 m. laikotarpio Nepriklausomos Lietuvos tema, parodyti reikšmingi laiškų autorės darbai, skirti tėvynei Lietuvai, apibūdinta tautietės visuomeninė veikla puoselėjant lietuvybės ir tautiškumo išsaugojimą išeivijoje.
straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba
Šioje publikacijoje skelbiamas J. W. inicialais pasirašyto Jono Vitarto (Jan Witort) straipsnio vertimas į lietuvių kalbą. Straipsnio ...originalas pavadinimu „Stosunki na Żmudzi“ lenkų kalba buvo paskelbtas Sankt Peterburge leistame lenkų laikraštyje „Kraj“ (1888 m. Nr. 31). Pažymėtina, kad senasis tekstas gali būti įdomus šiuolaikiniam skaitytojui kaip vertingas pirminis šaltinis, visų pirma, vietos istorijos, Panevėžio ir jo krašto praeities pažinimo požiūriu. Nagrinėjamas klausimas, ar tas 1888 m. rašytas straipsnis gali būti laikomas egodokumentiniu paveldu. Laikomasi nuomonės, kad tai nėra aiškiai išreikštas egodokumentas, tačiau tam tikrą egodokumentinę vertę jis turi, nes kai kurios teksto vietos leidžia spręsti apie autoriaus kaip įvykių liudininko nuotaiką, vertinimą, asmenybės bruožus, interesus, viltis, siekius bei vizijas. Remiantis J. Vitarto straipsniu ir kai kuriomis kitomis publikacijomis, taip pat nagrinėjama istorinė regioninės Panevėžio priklausomybės samprata, pažymima, kad laikui bėgant ji kito. Be to, atkreipiamas dėmesys, kad lietuvių ir lenkų požiūris traktuojant Žemaitijos teritoriją, taip pat teritorinį Lietuvos suvokimą nebūtinai sutapo, o kai kurie regioninio traktavimo skirtumai lietuviškoje ir lenkiškoje mokslinėje literatūroje išliko iki mūsų dienų.
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