•CO2 measurements for 12 gasoline and 8 diesel vehicles over the NEDC and WLTP-H.•Discussion on the differences between the test protocols of WLTP and NEDC.•Analysis of the cold start effect over ...NEDC and WLTP-H.•Quantification of the ΔCO2 between WLTP-H and NEDC for a small gasoline and a medium diesel vehicle.
In 2014 the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) adopted the global technical regulation No. 15 concerning the Worldwide harmonized Light duty Test Procedure (WLTP). Having significantly contributed to its development, the European Commission is now aiming at introducing the new test procedure in the European type-approval legislation for light duty vehicles in order to replace the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) as the certification test.
The current paper aims to assess the effect of WLTP introduction on the reported CO2 emissions from passenger cars presently measured under the New European Driving Cycle and the corresponding test protocol. The most important differences between the two testing procedures, apart from the kinematic characteristics of the respective driving cycles, is the determination of the vehicle inertia and driving resistance, the gear shifting sequence, the soak and test temperature and the post-test charge balance correction applied to WLTP. In order to quantify and analyze the effect of these differences in the end value of CO2 emissions, WLTP and NEDC CO2 emission measurements were performed on 20 vehicles, covering almost the whole European market. WLTP CO2 values range from 125.5 to 217.9g/km, NEDC values range from 105.4 to 213.2g/km and the ΔCO2 between WLTP and NEDC ranges from 4.7 to 29.2g/km for the given vehicle sample. The average cold start effect over WLTP was found 6.1g/km, while for NEDC it was found 12.3g/km. For a small gasoline and a medium sized diesel passenger car, the different inertia mass and driving resistance is responsible 63% and 81% of the observed ΔCO2 between these two driving cycles respectively, whereas the other parameters (driving profile, gear shifting, test temperature) account for the remaining 37% and 19%.
La normativa reciente en materia de protección de datos así como los pronunciamientos del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea en la cuestión y del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos sobre el ...derecho a la vida privada, refuerzan la idea de la existencia de un orden público europeo distinto del orden público interno e internacional de cada Estado miembro. En este sentido, se ha venido conformando una estrategia comunitaria y un orden público europeo en torno a la concepción de la vida íntima y familiar y, en particular, al propio concepto de privacidad, cuyo alcance y significación difiere de la conceptualización que, sobre estos elementos, se ha venido realizando por la doctrina y jurisprudencia doméstica de los Estados miembros.
Human populations are threatened by chronic exposure to the Cd accumulated in foods after being taken up from soils by crops. To decide whether and to what extent it is necessary to reduce the Cd ...content in cultivated soils, one needs to understand and predict its evolution. We therefore simulated the Cd mass balance in the soils under annual crops in France and in its 22 regions for the next century, following six scenarios of agricultural practices or regulatory conditions. If current cultivation practices are maintained, the average Cd content would increase by about 15% after a century, due to the input of Cd with P fertilizer applications. This represents around 85% of the soil Cd inputs and is nearly twice the Cd output caused by leaching and crop offtake. These results conflict with those recently obtained at the European level, due to three factors: the higher rate of P application in France than in Europe, a higher Cd content in the P fertilizers applied in France and a lower Cd leaching in French soils. Strict application of the good practices for P fertilization would stabilize the future soil Cd content at its present level. Assuming the current excessive P fertilization, the enforcement of a regulation limiting Cd content in the P fertilizers, as proposed by the European Union, would lead to a lesser increase in soil Cd, by 1.6% to 3.9% after a century. The combination of P fertilization good practices and Cd content limitation in P fertilizers would lead to a decrease in soil Cd content of between 3.0% to 5.2%. Organic agriculture would lead to an evolution of soil Cd content similar to that of conventional agriculture applying good practices. The accuracy of the mass balances could be ameliorated by a better assessment of Cd leaching.
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•In France, P fertilizer applications represent around 85% of the soil Cd inputs.•Maintaining current cultivation practices, soil Cd content would increase by ca 15%.•Lessening both P fertilizer application and Cd content would reduce soil Cd content.
•European pesticide Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009.•EU legislative requirements for analytical methods in pesticide residues analysis.•Sample preparation, chromatographic and mass spectrometry ...instrumentation.•Potential methodologies to comply with the European pesticide residue legislation.
The legislative requirements and the concern about the harmful effects of pesticide residues have encouraged the development of methods to determine pesticides at trace levels in/on matrices of concern. The purpose of this work is to provide a state of art about the trends in the analysis of pesticide residues within the agrochemical sector, in order to fulfil the European pesticide Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009 requirements. Promising emerging methodologies and novel instrumental techniques are also highlighted.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, Europe has seen an increase in the number of boundary products that explicitly place themselves between the drug whose "health benefits" they claim and the food to ...which they are legally bound. Should we then see the development of these products as a sign of the pharmaceuticalization of food? By analyzing the implementation of the 2006 European regulation on nutrition and health claims, we show that the European regulatory authorities have engaged in a real boundary work to separate foodstuffs from drugs; by distinguishing health promotion and risk prevention from disease cure; health benefits from risks; and evidence-based medicine from promise-based marketing. Although the reference to the pharmaceutical realm remains important, this regulation has rather sought to build an original framework for thinking about the contribution of food to public health.
Sistemas de Inteligência Artificial transformam a economia e a sociedade. Essas mudanças estimulam o debate jurídico sobre a atividade regulatória desses sistemas. Este artigo propõe o registro ...analítico das diretrizes regulatórias disponíveis em documentos oficiais públicos como parâmetros de conduta para os agentes regulados. Isto contribui à descrição de boas práticas regulatórias para os sistemas de Inteligência Artificial. A seleção dos documentos ocorreu por amostragem intencional do Decreto da Presidência dos Estados Unidos 13859 e Livro Branco sobre Inteligência Artificial da Comissão Europeia. Revisão de literatura serviu para delimitar os conceitos de Inteligência Artificial e regulação. Análise documental funcionou para apresentar o contexto dos documentos e registrar as diretrizes regulatórias. Primeiro são delimitados os conceitos de Inteligência Artificial (ênfase em algoritmos e dados) e regulação (ênfase em regras e comportamentos para os agentes regulados). Em seguida, há um recorte da agenda de pesquisa brasileira acerca da regulação de sistemas de Inteligência Artificial. Depois, os materiais e métodos são explicados. Por último, são exibidos os resultados da pesquisa. Boas práticas para a atividade regulatória dos sistemas de Inteligência Artificial incluem: conceito claro e abrangente de Inteligência Artificial; proteção de valores humanos básicos; critérios compreensíveis para distinção de sistemas de Inteligência Artificial a partir do risco; parâmetros de conduta ligados às exigências de transparência, explicabilidade, segurança, equidade e não-discriminação; avaliação do custo-benefício das opções regulatórias; proteção da concorrência; participação das partes interessadas. O debate jurídico quanto a regulação dos sistemas de Inteligência Artificial precisa considerar a velocidade das mudanças tecnológicas, os limites e as tensões das estruturas normativa e regulamentar existentes e a necessidade de adaptar ou organizar novos documentos jurídicos.
Scientific literature and regulation acknowledge the positive social and economic impacts of local food productions, especially for Geographical Indication products, but their relationship with ...environmental sustainability remains still to be better investigated. The current European reform of the Geographical Indications system is adopting environment protection as one of the main objectives, in conformity with the European Green Deal and Farm to Fork strategies. In this framework, the present paper is aimed to show how Geographical Indications food products are related to environmental sustainability by the means of a systematic literature review. Firstly, the relevant publications are analyzed and classified referring to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework. Results show a contradictory picture regarding the positive and negative implications of Geographical Indications production for the different components of environmental protection (e.g., SDG 9 or SDG 12). Secondly, the literature analysis identifies four features (namely products specification, producers’ environmental consciousness, role of institutions and link with the territory) of Geographical Indications that may mitigate environmental pressures, when present. Finally, after the analysis of the current and emerging European Geographical Indications regulation, policy suggestions are advanced. In particular, to enhance the environmental sustainability of Geographical Indication products, explicit environmental objectives should be introduced in Geographical Indication specification, while consciousness of producers, multidimensional cooperation and link with the territory should be strengthened.
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•Environmental impacts of GIs are investigated since controversial in the literature.•The SDGs-based classification of the contributions shows a focus on SDGs 2 and 12.•Four drivers to make GIs effective for environmental sustainability are identified.•New explicit criteria in GI specification should be defined accordingly.•GI mark could incorporate environmental features due to the new EU regulation.
Zusammenfassung
Die Fähigkeit mancher Systeme der künstlichen Intelligenz (KI), sich weiterzuentwickeln, sowie die teilweise sehr eingeschränkten Möglichkeiten, deren Entscheidungsprozesse ...nachzuvollziehen, stellen unser Rechtssystem vor neue Herausforderungen. Auf europäischer Ebene hat dies zu Reformbestrebungen geführt, von denen der Vorschlag für eine europäische KI-Verordnung verspricht, die Regulierungslücken des geltenden Produktsicherheitsrechts durch sektorenübergreifende KI-spezifische Sicherheitsanforderungen zu schließen. Voraussetzung wäre jedoch, dass der Unionsgesetzgeber nicht nur Doppelungen und Widersprüche mit den bestehenden Sicherheitsanforderungen vermeidet, sondern auch von überspitzten Anforderungen absieht. Sofern dies beachtet werden würde, könnten die neuen Sicherheitsanforderungen auch zur Konkretisierung des unbestimmten Sorgfaltsmaßstabs im Haftungsrechtsrecht herangezogen werden. Offen blieben weiterhin Schwierigkeiten im Kontext der Beweisbarkeit, durch die die Rechtsschutzbemühungen des Geschädigten ins Leere zu führen drohen. Abzuwarten bleibt, ob der Unionsgesetzgeber diesem Reformbedürfnis mit der jüngst von der Kommission vorgeschlagenen Reform des Produkthaftungsrechts nachkommen wird.
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