Disinfectants and antiseptics are important weapons to reduce the number of micro-organisms and thus limit the number of infections. Different methods of antimicrobial activity testing, often not ...standardized, without appropriate controls and not validated, are applied. To address these issues, several European Standards (EN) have been developed, describing the test methods to determine whether chemical disinfectants or antiseptic products have appropriate bactericidal, sporicidal, mycobactericidal or tuberculocidal activity; fungicidal or yeasticidal activity; or virucidal activity. In this narrative review, the 17 ENs concerning evaluation of the above-mentioned antimicrobial activity of preparations dedicated to the medical area are briefly reviewed, together with recent publications on this topic. Suspension and carrier tests have been performed in clean and dirty conditions simulating the medical area. In addition, a wide range of applications of these standards has been presented in the research of biocides for hand antisepsis, surfaces disinfection, including airborne disinfection as well as medical device and medical textile disinfection. The role of normative documents in the investigation of antimicrobial activity of disinfectants and antiseptics to limit infections has been underestimated. This narrative review aims to persuade researchers to conduct antimicrobial activity testing in line with validated ENs and highlights an existing gap in ongoing research. It also aims to raise awareness of the wide range of biocidal activity tests with standardized methods in the medical area. We also pay attention to the recently developed European Pharmacopoeia monography concerning the testing of bactericidal and fungicidal activity of antiseptics classified as medicinal products.
On February 9, 1993, Directive 89/106/EEC, which regulates the import, trade and use of construction materials, was presented in the official bulletin of the European Union. In oder to be suitable, ...the material must: a) meet the characteristics that allow determining its purpose in the construction process; b) have EU marking. Manufacturers must provide certification of their products, making sure that they meet EU standards. National standards GOST 23668-79, DSTU B V.2.7-59-97 and DSTU B V.2.7-37-95 from July 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010 are recognized as valid on the territory of Ukraine in accordance with the decision of the Ministry of Regional Development and Construction of Ukraine . Also, in order to improve standards in construction, according to the order of the Ministry of Regional Development and Construction No. 148 dated 04/02/2008 and based on the decision of the Council of the Ministry of Regional Construction dated 08/22/2007, new regulations came into force starting from October 1, 2008. Thus, Ukraine is gradually moving away from Soviet standards to European ones. Since there are no size groups and quality classes in DSTU B EN 1467:2007, these parameters are determined by enterprises that extract natural stone blocks. The publication considers the formation of own requirements for the quality of blocks, on the basis of which the price is formed, using the example of Leznykivskyi Quarry LLC.
Si el proyecto de ley de medidas de eficiencia procesal del servicio público de Justicia resulta finalmente aprobado tal y como fue remitido en su día a las Cortes Generales, la configuración actual ...del juicio verbal mudará sustancialmente, ya que dejará de tener una tramitación rápida y sencilla, pudiendo llegar a desarrollarse íntegramente por escrito, contrariamente a lo que su propia denominación sugiere.
La propuesta parece estar inspirada en la normativa que regula diversos procesos europeos. Sin embargo, se aleja de los estándares que inspiran la regulación de juicios similares en Alemania, Francia, Portugal y otros países de la “zona euro”, lo que, en nuestra opinión, debería hacer recapacitar a nuestras autoridades sobre la conveniencia y oportunidad de dicha reforma.
The aim of this paper is to contribute to the classification of structural timber in the ex-YU region into strength-class system through the application of experimentally obtained archive data in ...order to provide a realistic framework for most commonly used II grade (according to JUS) structural coniferous timber. The analysis of archive data was carried out on a sample of 150 specimens of structural size and based on the set of statistical requirements prescribed by EN standards, taking into account the change in disposition of loading in laboratory testing in the past and now. Statistical procedures prescribed by EN standards are given through calculation steps together with necessary adjustment factors that cover the size and number of specimens. The presented procedures given for structural-size specimens are also applicable to small clear specimens, so that a more comprehensive research and additional new examinations could be conducted with the available archive data simultaneously with the harmonization of the visual classification rules applied in the ex-YU region. The paper emphasises the direct dependence of the consistent application of the visual grading rules required by the relevant EN standard on strength-class system.
Cilj ovog rada jest pridonijeti klasifikaciji konstrukcijskog drva na području bivše Jugoslavije u sustavu klasa čvrstoće primjenom eksperimentalno dobivenih arhivskih podataka kako bi se dobio realan okvir za najčešće upotrebljavano konstrukcijsko crnogorično drvo razreda II (prema JUS-u). Analiza arhivskih podataka provedena je na skupini od 150 uzoraka konstrukcijske veličine, i to na temelju skupa statističkih zahtjeva sadržanih u regulativi EU-a, pri čemu je uzeta u obzir promjena rasporeda opterećenja u laboratorijskim ispitivanjima u prošlosti i danas. Statistički postupci propisani EN normama dani su putem koraka izračuna, zajedno s potrebnim faktorima prilagodbe koji pokrivaju veličinu i broj uzoraka. Predstavljeni postupci dani za uzorke konstrukcijske veličine primjenjivi su i za male čiste uzorke, tako da bi se proširena kampanja s postojećim arhivskim podatcima i dodatnim novim ispitivanjima mogla provoditi istodobno s usklađivanjem pravila vizualne klasifikacije konstrukcijskog drva u bivšoj Jugoslaviji. U radu je naglašena izravna ovisnost dosljedne primjene pravila vizualnog ocjenjivanja kvalitete drva koja zahtijeva relevantna EN norma o sustavu klasa drva prema čvrstoći.
•Vehicle emissions are directly related to the manufacturing age, vehicle weight and use patterns.•Older model vehicles demonstrate a lean mixture for its air to fuel ratio.•Vehicle age, use and ...weight have a positive probabilistic outcome with emissions policy.•End-of-life vehicles are less likely to adhere to strict emissions policies.
The purpose of this study is to assess the exhaust emission levels of end-of-life automobiles in Ogun State, Nigeria and estimate the probability of compliance to European and national exhaust policy standards. Trend analysis, analysis of variance and binary logistic regression were used to compare emission levels and to estimate the probability of compliance to emission standards. The results showed that emission levels for carbon monoxide and oxygen increased by 2% and hydrocarbon levels doubled with the age of the vehicle. Older vehicles also show a lean mixture in the air to fuel ratio calculation. Vehicles falling within a heavier weight class emit more CO2. Probability models showed that compliance to European and national standards decrease as much as 30% with age and use of the vehicles. Older commercial vehicles falling into a heavy weight class has the lowest probability of compliance with any of the emissions policies assessed. The empirical evidence of the study supports the prior evidence that age, weight and use is directly related to emissions. With the volume of end-of-life vehicles in Nigeria, more enforcement is needed to monitor maintenance and increase vehicle compliance to emission policies.
This paper analyses the component of the Integrated Interlocking System which forms the central logical and functional unit implementing all logical and computational functions necessary for railway ...traffic control in the Railway 4.0 concept. The main principle is that this approach centralizes the technology of station interlocking system, track line interlocking systems, level crossing interlocking systems and the functions of train interlocking system – the line part of ETCS L2/3 radio block control panel (RBC). The operation control is centralised to the controlling dispatcher centres.The paper discusses the concept of integrated interlocking system including safety issues addressed from the perspective of the requirements of CENELEC standards EN 50126, EN 50128 and EN 50129. These requirements are addressed from the perspective of the authors of the paper, who also work as independent assessors of the safety of railway control and command systems.
Classification of timber for various commercial purposes is essential for its proper application in order to ensure the reliability and economic use. Visual grading of structural timber is commonly ...used in a number of EU countries, with different grading national standards optimized for locally available wood. Countries in the ex-YU region are traditional partners in wood trade and had the same standards for visual grading, but in most of the regions these standards are not completely compliant with EN requirements. Consequently, that leads to the fact that the most of regionally available structural timber is not assigned into strength classes, which is the starting point for the limit-state concept in design of timber structures. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the lack of strength classification of structural timber in the ex-YU region, which is a prerequisite for the design of timber structures made by civil engineers. Based on an overview of visual classification types with regional experience in grading, relevant EN standards, and differences in design concepts with possible consequences of grading approach, it can be concluded that "quality" grades and "strength" classes are not easily comparable.
Klasifikacija drvne građe za različite komercijalne namjene ključna je za njezinu pravilnu upotrebu kako bi se zajamčila sigurna i ekonomična uporaba. Vizualno ocjenjivanje konstrukcijskog drva obično se provodi u mnogim zemljama EU-a uz pomoć različitih nacionalnih standarda ocjenjivanja optimiziranih za lokalno dostupno drvo. Zemlje bivše Jugoslavije tradicionalni su partneri u međusobnoj trgovini drvom i imale su zajedničke standarde za vizualno ocjenjivanje drvne građe, ali u većini njih ti standardi nisu u potpunosti usklađeni s EN zahtjevima. To posljedično rezultira činjenicom da većina regionalno dostupnoga konstrukcijskog drva nije razvrstana u klase čvrstoće, što je polazište za koncept graničnog stanja u projektiranju drvnih konstrukcija. Cilj rada jest upozoriti na nepostojanje klasifikacije čvrstoće konstrukcijskog drva na području bivše Jugoslavije, a to je preduvjet za projektiranje drvnih konstrukcija, što je posao građevinskih inženjera. Na temelju tipova vizualne klasifikacije i regionalnih iskustava u ocjenjivanju, relevantnih EN normi te razlika u konceptima projektiranja s mogućim posljedicama pristupa ocjenjivanju, zaključeno je da ocjene razreda kvalitete i klase čvrstoće u promatranim zemljama jednostavno nisu međusobno usporedive.
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