Cross-national research on cultural differences across space and time intersects multiple disciplines but the prominence of concepts varies by academic fields. Hofstede’s dimensional concept of ...culture, to begin with, dominates in cross-cultural psychology and international management. Inglehart’s dynamic concept of culture, by contrast, prevails in sociology and political science. We argue that this disciplinary division is unfortunate because the two concepts are complementary, for which reason a synthesis rectifies their mutual weaknesses. Indeed, while Hofstede’s dimensional concept neglects cultural dynamics, Inglehart’s dynamic concept is dimensionally reductionist. We demonstrate empirically that combining these two concepts leads to an improved understanding of cultural differences. Inspired by Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, we use data from the European Value Studies and World Values Surveys for 495,011 individuals born between 1900 and 1999 in 110 countries and then show that change on these dimensions proceeds as Inglehart and his collaborators suggest. Most notably, younger generations have become more individualistic and more joyous. But even though economic development and generational replacement drive this cultural change, roughly half of the variation in national cultural orientations is unique to each country, due to lasting intercept differences in developmental trajectories that trace back to remote historic drivers. We discuss the implications for cross-national cultural research.
Tolerance is one of the ideals of a democratic and pluralistic society. It is a way of behaving which allows others the freedom to express opinions with which we do not agree, and the right of others ...to live according to their principles different from ours. Recently Europe is faced with political challenges caused by mass immigration to European countries. In such circumstances, dilemmas arise regarding the possibility of maintaining the ideals of freedom and equality in European countries, which have become a melting pot of people of different nationalities, races, cultures, religions, and lifestyles. In this article, we used the results of the tolerance research in six European Mediterranean countries, conducted in 2017 as part of the European Values Study project. The objectives were to determine for each of the mentioned countries the level of tolerance or intolerance towards social groups in general, towards individual social groups, and differences between different socio-demographic groups of respondents concerning their level of tolerance or intolerance. The results show that Croatia, Italy, and Slovenia are the countries with the highest tolerance levels compared to the other countries. Also, members of the 'drug addicts' and the 'heavy drinkers' are considered the most problematic social groups in all six European Mediterranean countries. When it comes to gender, there is little difference in tolerance level. More educated and younger respondents have higher levels of tolerance.
The general objectives of the European Capitals of Culture are to safeguard and promote the diversity of cultures in Europe and the common features they share, while strengthening the sense of ...belonging to a common cultural space. The growing appeal of the title of European Capital of Culture, especially after the success of Lille (2004) and Marseille (2013), both in France, has led to numerous bids in the country, despite the high cost of preparation and implementation. Amiens, Bastia, Bourges, Clermont-Ferrand, Lens-Lievin, Nice, Reims, Roubaix, Rouen and Saint-Denis have already announced their candidacy to the title of European Capital of Culture in 2028, often in connection with their region. The article analyses the cultural and development projects of these cities and territories according to the criteria of European values and identities.
Medical ethics is a field of expertise that has developed alongside increasingly powerful technologies that have changed medical practice significantly over the past decades. From artificial ...ventilation and the possibility of resuscitation after cardiac arrest in the 1960s to the big-data-driven medicine of today, increasingly supported by artificial intelligence (AI), modern medicine is loaded with ethical dilemmas and complex decisions. Four principles, namely respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice, were identified in the 1970s as guiding concepts of an ethics of biomedicine, the then emerging clinical practice that is informed by biological and physiological evidence from basic research. However, as the cultural and historical context affects the understanding of these principles, their implementation in clinical practice and healthcare is not trivial. Here, we highlight additional principles and values that back up these four core principles in the European context, particularly solidarity, human dignity, pluralism, tolerance, non-discrimination and gender equality. We further summarize how European Union law reflects such principles and values, and refer to existing instruments to support their implementation. Focusing on solidarity, we highlight its understanding in the European context and some challenges for its realization, particularly in the context of using AI in medicine and healthcare.
Growing evidence supports the need to re-evaluate the nature and function of our economies in favour of post-growth principles if we are to have a socially and environmentally viable future. This ...study contributes to the discussion on how to achieve such a future by addressing a remaining gap in the literature about the public acceptance of post-growth, since a viable transition requires public support to validate political actions. Taking a mixed-methods approach, we ask which values and socio-economic characteristics are associated with support for post-growth and why. On average among 34 European countries, 60.5 % of people are in favour of post-growth. Values such as environmentalism, collectivism and post-materialism were found to support post-growth visions of the future, but support for post-growth and these values is lower among disadvantaged people. We conclude that greater emphasis on redistribution and improving opportunities and livelihoods for disadvantaged people in a post-growth economy is key to making such a future more acceptable to them. However, this conflicts with policy preferences and values such as hierarchy, meritocracy, and individualism that tend to be more prominent among people who are well-off.
•There is a majority in favour of post-growth within European countries.•Support is highest among high-income, educated and left-leaning individuals.•Post-materialist, collectivist, and pro-environmental values increase support.•Potential policy trade-offs exist as a result of value differences between groups.•Post-growth support could increase with a shift in focus to wellbeing benefits.
Abstract Rule of law spending conditionality marks a turn in the EU’s strategy in the 2020s. The entry of this value into the budgetary sphere represents an economization process, creating room for ...the development of a transactional approach to rule of law compliance. This article defines this conceptual framework and examines the extent of its application through the case study of three budgetary instruments used during the 2021–2027 cycle: the Recovery and Resilience Facility, the Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation and the horizontal enabling condition of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Contributing to the recent Europeanization literature, it also emphasizes the change in European governance and in the EU–Member State relationship triggered by the new conditionality culture following the succession of European crises, moving from a traditional politico‐legal enforcement model to a transactional one.
•Largest ever meta-analysis of valuations of time extending across whole of Europe.•Covers wide range of time related attributes other than just in-vehicle time.•Effects of numerous influential ...variables on valuations quantified.•Valuations implied by meta-model correspond well with official recommendations.•Valuations implied by meta-model benchmark well against earnings.
This paper reports the most extensive meta-analysis of values of time yet conducted, covering 3109 monetary valuations assembled from 389 European studies conducted between 1963 and 2011. It aims to explain how valuations vary across studies, including over time and between countries. In addition to the customary coverage of in-vehicle time in review studies, this paper covers valuations of walk time, wait time, service headway, parking space search time, departure time switching, time in congested traffic, schedule delay early and late, mean lateness and the standard deviation of travel time. Valuations are found to vary with type of time, GDP, distance, journey purpose, mode, the monetary numeraire and a number of factors related to estimation. Model output values of time compare favourably with earnings data, replicate well official recommended values obtained from major national studies, and are transferable across countries. These implied monetary values serve as very useful benchmarks against which new evidence can be assessed and the meta-model provides parameters and values for countries and contexts where there is no other such evidence.
A European perspective on medical ethics Frischhut, Markus; Werner-Felmayer, Gabriele
Medicine (Abingdon. 1995, UK ed.),
October 2020, 2020-10-00, Letnik:
48, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Medical ethics is a field of expertise that has developed alongside increasingly powerful technologies that have changed medical practice significantly over the past decades. From artificial ...ventilation and the possibility of resuscitation after cardiac arrest in the 1960s to big data-driven genomic medicine of today, modern medicine is loaded with ethical dilemmas and complex decisions. Four principles, namely respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice, were identified in the 1970s as guiding concepts of an ethics of biomedicine, the then emerging clinical practice that is informed by biological and physiological evidence from basic research. However, as cultural and historical context affects understanding of these principles, their implementation in clinical practice and healthcare is not trivial. Here, we highlight additional principles and values that back up these four core principles in the European context, particularly solidarity, human dignity, pluralism, tolerance, non-discrimination and gender equality. We further summarize how European Union law reflects such principles and values, and refer to existing instruments to support their implementation. Focusing on solidarity, we highlight its understanding in the European context as well as some challenges for its realization.
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