Ancient Šuruppak, today Fara, was one of the major Sumerian cities in Mesopotamia. It was situated along one of the ancient watercourses of the Euphrates River. Findings date it back to the Jemdet ...Nasr period around 3000 bc with a continuous occupation until the end of the Ur III period around 2000 bc. Fara was first explored and excavated by the Deutsche Orient‐Gesellschaft in the years 1902 and 1903 under the direction of Walter Andrae. Multiple excavation trenches with lengths up to 900 m transect the 1 km2 wide mound and are still visible today which enables us to georeference the excavation maps. Today, the 2.2 km2 wide archaeological area is dry and without any vegetation. Thousands of deep looting pits are covering the majority of mound which not only destroyed its upper metres but also challenge the application of geophysical prospection methods and their interpretation. The magnetometer prospecting of selected areas on and around the mound was carried out with three devices, two total field magnetometers and one gradiometer. The individual survey areas were combined in post‐processing by applying a high‐pass filter on the total field data sets and multiplying the vertical gradiometer data sets by a factor of two. This approach provides visually uniform magnetograms, despite being obtained by different devices, which simplifies subsequent visual interpretation. These magnetograms enable us to review, and to extend the results of the old excavations. The comparison show a good correlation in accuracy to the old drawings and positive identification of the already excavated features with magnetometry. Highlights of the survey are the discovery of the city wall confirming its existence, the layout of a unique building complex in the centre of the mound, likely a temple, traces of canals inside the city and an evaluation of magnetometer prospection over a looted area.
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•Network analyzed the connections between and among foreign organizations from Latin American and U.S. agents between 1998 and 2017.•During this time, businesses spent the most on strategic ...communication services in the U.S. spending $154,961,684.67.•Public relations services were more frequently requested by business organizations while advertising was the second most requested service.•278 foreign organizations made 1095 connections to U.S. agencies.•Considering networks for all the Latin American countries, the average density score was 0.375, the average distance among nodes was 1.677, and the average fragmentation score was 0.575.•Business organizations and governments were often the most central with business spending the most but governments having the greatest number of contracts.
Traditionally, international public relations studies have assumed that a foreign organization, namely a foreign government, is the primary influence on how its home country is portrayed to audiences abroad. This study challenges such assumption of independence by revealing how foreign organizations are connected in ways previous works have not considered. Using Foreign Agents Registration Act data, we reveal the direct and indirect connections that form when foreign organizations hire U.S. agencies to produce their international public relations work. Our network analysis of foreign organizations from Latin American and their U.S. agents documents the network structures that emerge for each country and identifies the types of organizations that are positioned advantageously in the networks. We use these findings to theorize how foreign organizations’ connections and their key positions in networks may influence the production of international public relations efforts for their home country. We at a macro-level, public relations effects depend on the structure of the networks, the overlapping sites where communication content is produced, and who is positioned as key players in the production networks.
Submarine caves constitute “natural laboratories” for studying biodiversity, community structure and inter-specific relationship in cryptic habitats. These unique systems are of strategic importance ...to reconstruct the complex biotic processes developed in cavities of skeletal frameworks through geologic time. In this study, the biogenic crusts in two submarine caves of the Aegean Sea were characterized with regards to the organisms involved in their formation. The crusts were examined with the aim to investigate the possible influence of environmental parameters and/or biotic associations on the framework. The walls and ceilings of the studied Fara and Agios Vasilios Caves (Lesvos Island, Greece) are covered mainly with sponges, coralline algae, scleractinian corals, serpulid polychaetes, and bryozoans. Skeletons of these organisms are often cemented together and form extensive crusts of variable thickness. Optical and electron microscopy were utilized to detect quantitative relationships among skeletal components inside the crusts. Coralline algae and corals dominate close to the opening of the caves, whereas serpulids, bryozoans and sponges are the main crust builders in the innermost cave sectors. Among skeletal components, the micrite (microcrystalline calcite) is a minor component of the crusts and consists mainly of an autochthonous fraction, mineralized directly inside the crust through organomineralization processes. Crusts show abundance of endolithic and insinuating sponges, whose organic tissue decay leaves borings filled with spicules. The abundance of sponges competing with carbonatogenetic bacteria for the same living cryptic spaces prevented the development of microbialites. This competition explains the morphological differences between the studied biogenic crusts and the large biostalactites, which are common in other Mediterranean caves (i.e. Sicily, Apulia and Cyprus) and are characterized by only a few sponges but abundant microbialites.
•Environmental zonation in submarine caves of Aegean Sea.•Biotic zonation according to the distance from the cave entrance.•Skeletal framework influenced by sponge bioerosion.•Soft sponge tissues decay inducing micrite precipitation.•Microbial induced vs metazoan related automicrite as a key to interpret the fossil record.
The aim of this article is to promote the use of knowledge visualization frameworks in the creation and transfer of complex public health knowledge. The accessibility to healthy food items is an ...example of complex public health knowledge. The United States Department of Agriculture Food Access Research Atlas (FARA) dataset contains 147 variables for 72,864 census tracts and includes 16 food accessibility variables with binary values (0 or 1). Using four-digit and 16-digit binary patterns, we have developed data analytical procedures to group the 72,684 U.S. census tracts into eight and forty groups respectively. This value-added FARA dataset facilitated the design and production of interactive knowledge visualizations that have a collective purpose of knowledge transfer and specific functions including new insights on food accessibility and obesity rates in the United States. The knowledge visualizations of the binary patterns could serve as an integrated explanation and prediction system to help answer why and what-if questions on food accessibility, nutritional inequality and nutrition therapy for diabetic care at varying geographic units. In conclusion, the approach of knowledge visualizations could inform coordinated multi-level decision making for improving food accessibility and reducing chronic diseases in locations defined by patterns of food access measures.
In this study, we map the legal work seven U.S. digital consultancies and public relations firms undertook across social media and digital platforms of behalf of four foreign governments. We find ...these firms used a range of different strategies on social and digital media, very few of which featured legally required disclosures linking the content to their country of origin. Firms targeted journalists and other elites, but exactly how is not clear. Our most powerful findings regard what is absent. Our study reveals as much about the inconsistencies and inadequacies of the current FARA disclosure process and gaps in tech firms' ad archives as it does about the content and strategies of the messages themselves. We conclude with a series of recommendations for technology firms and the Department of Justice for enforcing FARA regulations as they relate to social and digital content.
Getting what you want Grant, Lyndal; Phillips-Brown, Milo
Philosophical studies,
07/2020, Letnik:
177, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
It is commonly accepted that if an agent wants
p
, then she has a desire that is satisfied in exactly the worlds where
p
is true. Call this the ‘Satisfaction-is-Truth Principle’. We argue that this ...principle is false: an agent may want
p
without having a desire that is satisfied when
p
obtains in any old way. For example, Millie wants to drink milk but does not have a desire that is satisfied when she drinks spoiled milk. Millie has a desire whose satisfaction conditions are what we call
ways-specific
. Fara (Philos Perspect 17(1):141–163,
2003
, Noûs 47(2):250–272,
2013
) and Lycan (Philos Perspect 26(1):201–215,
2012
, In what sense is desire a propositional attitude?, Unpublished manuscript) have also argued for this conclusion, but their claims about desire satisfaction rest solely on contested intuitions about when agents get what they want. We set these intuitions to one side, instead arguing that desire satisfaction is ways-specific by appealing to the dispositional role of desire. Because agents are disposed to satisfy their desires, dispositions provide important evidence about desire satisfaction. Our argument also provides new insight on the dispositional role of desire satisfaction.
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