Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Hrana je glavni izvor izloženosti ljudi esencijalnim i toksičnim metalima, uključujući kadmij (Cd). Cilj istraživanja je bio ...procijeniti učinke peroralne izloženosti Cd tijekom skotnosti štakorice na razdiobu kadmija i stanje mikronutrijenata u majčinom organizmu i fetusu te funkcije posteljice u prijenosu nutrijenata i sintezi steroidnih hormona. Hipoteze istraživanja su bile da se tijekom graviditeta povećava želučanocrijevna apsorpcija Cd koji se nakuplja u posteljici i može poremetiti prijenos nutrijenata do fetusa i sintezu posteljičnih hormona. Pokusne štakorice (Wistar) su nakon parenja izlagane dozi od 50 mg Cd/l (u obliku CdCl2xH2O) u vodi za piće od 1. do 19. ili 20. dana skotnosti. Neskotne štakorice su istodobno izlagane pod jednakim uvjetima izloženosti tijekom 20 dana. Posljednjeg dana pokusa je svim štakoricama u općoj anesteziji izvađena krv iz srca i uzorkovani unutrašnji organi, posteljice i fetusi, koji su pripremljeni za analize mikroelemenata (metodom AAS). Progesteron i testosteron su analizirani imunokemijski izravno u serumu (metodom IEMA) i u uzorcima pripremljenim iz posteljičnog tkiva (metodama IEMA i/ili ELISA). U svih izloženih štakorica su nađena povećanja Cd u svim izmjerenim uzorcima i cinka u jetri. Količine željeza u fetusu i cinka u fetusu i/ili posteljici su bile smanjene. U izloženih skotnih vs. izložene neskotne štakorice su bila izraženija povećanja koncentracije Cd u krvi i količina Cd u jetri i bubregu kao i smanjenja količina željeza u jetri i bubregu te cinka i bakra u bubregu. U svih skotnih vs. neskotne štakorice su bile veće koncentracije Cd u krvi i količine bakra u bubregu te manje količine željeza u jetri i bubregu i bakra u jetri. Nije bilo promjena u steroidnim hormonima ni u serumu, ni u posteljici, u kojoj su vrijednosti svakog hormona izmjerene dvjema imunokemijskim metodama značajno korelirale. U zaključku, ovim radom su dobiveni izvorni podaci o vrijednostima progesterona i testosterona (kao prekusora za sintezu estradiola u jajniku) u serumu i posteljici štakorice blizu roka okoćenja. Novi i izvorni znanstveni rezultati su da peroralna izloženost štakorica dozi od 6,5 mg Cd/kg tjelesne mase otopinom za napajanje tijekom skotnosti povećava razine Cd u krvi, jetri i bubregu s posljedičnim biokemijskim promjenama mikronutrijenata u većoj mjeri nego u neskotnih štakorica što istodobno s nakupljanjem Cd u posteljici remeti transplacentarni prijenos željeza i cinka te može predstavljati opasnost za rast i razvoj fetusa in utero.- Food is the main source of human exposure to essential and toxic metals, including cadmium (Cd). This investigation aimed to assess the effects of oral Cd exposure during rat pregnancy on Cd distribution and micronutrient status in a maternal organism and foetus and placental functions in nutrient transport and steroid hormone synthesis. Research hypotheses were that Cd gastrointestinal absorption increases during pregnancy and Cd accumulates in the placenta where it may interfere with nutrient transport to the foetus and placental hormone biosynthesis. Female rats (Wistar) were mated and exposed to 50 mg Cd/l (as CdCl2xH2O) in drinking water from gestation day 1 through 19 or 20. Non-pregnant rats were concurrently exposed during 20 days under the same exposure conditions. On the last experimental day, under general anaesthesia, blood was taken by cardiac puncture from all of the rats and internal organs, placentas and foetuses were dissected and prepared for element analysis (by AAS). Progesterone and testosterone were assayed by immunochemical methods directly in sera (by IEMA) and in placental tissue-derived samples (by IEMA and/or ELISA). All of the exposed rats exhibited increases in Cd in all of the analysed samples and zinc in the liver. Contents of iron in the foetus and zinc in the foetus and/or placenta were decreased. In exposed pregnant vs. exposed non-pregnant rats, more pronounced increases in Cd concentration in the blood and Cd contents in the liver and kidney, decreases in iron contents in the liver and kidney, and decreases in zinc and copper contents in the kidney were recorded. In all pregnant vs. non-pregnant rats, higher Cd concentrations in the blood and copper content in the kidney and lower iron contents in the liver and kidney and copper content in the liver were found. Steroid hormones did not change in either the serum or placenta; in the latter the values of either hormone measured by two immunochemical assays were correlated. In conclusion, this work provides original evidence on progesterone and testosterone (as the precursor for the ovarian oestradiol synthesis) in rat serum and placenta at term. New and original research results are that oral Cd exposure to 6.5 mg Cd/kg body mass in drink during rat pregnancy increases levels of Cd in the blood, liver and kidney with consequent biochemical changes of micronutrients more pronouncedly than in non-pregnant rats, which together with accumulation of Cd in the placenta disrupts the transplacental handover of iron and zinc and may put at risk foetal growth and development in utero.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Problemi u funkciji hoda u pacijenata nakon moždanog udara svode se na problem balansa, na smanjenje brzine hoda, smanjenje dužine i ...ciklusa koraka te oblik asimetričnog uzorka što smanjuje njihovu sposobnost u obavljanju svakodnevnih aktivnosti, a time i njihovo zadovoljstvo samom kvalitetom života.
Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinkovitost neurofacilitacijskog programa prema Bobath konceptu, kao i kombiniranog tretmana neurofacilitacijske terapije sa dodatnim tretmanom specifičnih mobilizacija na balans i funkciju hoda, te razliku u učinkovitosti provedenih programa.
Ispitanici su raspoređeni u dvije ispitivane skupine po 20 ispitanika. Prva skupina ispitanika bila je u programu neurofacilitacijske terapije kroz pet tjedana, dok je druga skupina ispitanika bila uključena u isti program s dodatnim tretmanom specifičnih mobilizacija mekih tkiva. Razlike kod ispitanika u pojedinim varijablama unutar grupa i između grupa ispitanika u inicijalnom i finalnom mjerenju obrađene su univarijantnom analizom varijance - ANOVA. Uspoređeni su rezultati učinaka dvaju programa neurofacilitacijskog tretmana sa i bez specifičnih mobilizacija mekih tkiva testovima „Berg balance scale“, „Timed up and go testa“ i aktivnog pokreta dorzalne fleksije stopala, fleksije i ekstenzije koljena.
Istraživanje je pokazalo da je u prvoj skupini ispitanika koja je imala neurofacilitacijski tretman u 83,4% varijabli statistički značajnih rezultata u finalnom mjerenju na razini od p<0.05. U drugoj skupini ispitanika tretman neurofacilitacijske terapije kombiniran s tretmanom specifičnih mobilizacija mekih tkiva, pokazao se ključnim za poboljšanje aktivnosti u pokretima stopala i koljena što je značajno doprinijelo učinkovitosti onih varijabli koje u prvoj skupini nisu bile značajne, a to su hod, ustajanje, sjedanje, pa je tako učinkovitost bila značajna gotovo u svim varijablama statičkog i dinamičkog balansa.
Rezultati dobiveni ovim istraživanjem pokazali su značajan doprinos kombiniranog tretmana na sve varijable balansa, funkciju hoda kao i na povećanje fleksibilnosti mišića i tetiva koji su važni za funkciju koljena i skočnog zgloba, a time i na funkciju hoda.- Introduction: Problems in the function of the stroke patient gait are balance problems, slower walking speed, reducing the step length and the gait cycle, and the asymmetrical gait pattern. They all reduce the patient’s ability to perform everyday activities and result in the patient’s dissatisfaction with the quality of their life. Finding new programmes to improve the quality of the previously used rehabilitation procedures is imperative for members of the team included in movement and gait re-education of stroke patients.
Subjects and methods: The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the neurofacilitaton programme according to the Bobath concept, and a combined treatment consisting of the neurofacilitation therapy and an additional treatment with specific mobilization to improve balance and gait, as well as determining the difference in the effectiveness of the implemented programmes.
40 subjects, successfully tested initially, at least 3 months after suffering a stroke, and after a one-year period, were diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging. They were suffering from hemiparesis, classified as level 3 according to the Medical Research Council paresis classification. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups consisting of 20 patients. The first experimental group was in the programme of neurofacilitation therapy for 5 weeks, undergoing 45-minute sessions 5 times a week, while the second group was included in the same programme with an additional specific mobilization programme with 20-minute sessions 3 times a week, during 5 weeks. The STATISTICA for Windows ver. 10 StatSoft Inc. statistical software packet was used for data processing. Differences between the respondents in individual variables within groups and between groups in both initial and final measurements were processed by ANOVA, the univariate analysis of variance.
Results: Effects of the two neurofacilitation treatment programmes, with and without specific mobilization of soft tissues, were compared by the Berg Balance Scale, the Timed Up and Go Test and active dorsiflexion of the foot, flexion and extension of the knee. The study showed statistically significant results in the final measurement in 83.4% of variables at the level of p<0.05 in the tested group of patients who only had a neurofacilitation treatment. The variables which did not show significant results were complex activities, such as getting up, walking, rotation, and sitting down, which clearly required additional treatment. The neurofacilitation therapy combined with the specific mobilization of soft tissues, which the second tested group of patients underwent, greatly contributed to the improvement of foot and knee movements resulting in better walking, standing up and sitting down activities, as well as other variables of static and dynamic balance. Results also suggested that there are no statistically significant differences between the two tested groups in the final measurement of the given variables. However, the additional statistical analysis which took into account the period between the initial and final measurements demonstrated a statistical significance and a high tendency to significance in almost 61% of variables indicating the benefit of the combined therapy programme.
Conclusion: Results obtained in this study showed a significant contribution of the combined treatment to all the variables of the static and dynamic balance and gait function, as well as an increase in the muscle and tendon flexibility which is important for knee and ankle functions, thus influencing the gait function, too.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Moždani udar (MU) u djece heterogeni je poremećaj s višestrukom etiologijom, koja je još uvijek nepoznata u
približno 30% slučajeva. ...Genetički čimbenici nisu do kraja karakterizirani, a raspodjela gena kandidata za
nastanak MU različita je u pojedinim populacijama. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 100 djece starosne dobi do
18 godina s potvrđenim MU i 100 zdrave djece podudarne po dobi i spolu djeci s MU. Napravljena je
genotipizacija 14 polimorfizama u 12 gena kandidata koji kodiraju proteine uključene u sustav zgrušavanja i
fibrinolize (FV Leiden, FV HR2, FII G20210A, beta-fibrinogen -455G>A, FXIII-A Val34Leu, PAI-1 4G/5G),
ljudskih trombocitnih antigena (HPA-1, -2, -3 i -5), metabolizma homocisteina (MTHFR C677T, MTHFR
A1298C) i intermedijernih rizicnih cimbenika (ACE I/D i ApoE 2-4). Utvrđena je cešća pojavnost MU u
dječaka, koja je uočena i u svim ispitivanim podskupinama. Najveći rizik za nastanak MU zabilježen je u prvoj
godini života, kao i 2,7 puta veći broj arterijskih ishemijskih MU (AIMU) u odnosu na hemoragijski MU
(HMU). Rezultati genotipizacije potvrdili su prije opisanu povezanost FV Leiden s nastankom (pojavom) MU.
Dokazana je i povezanost 4 polimorfizma (FV Leiden, FXIII-A Val34Leu, HPA-3 i apoE _2-4) s AIMU i to
različitih polimorfizama u pojedinim podskupinama prema spolu i dobi pojave AIMU, kao i povezanost
kombinacija genotipova polimorfizama MTHFR C677T i MTHFR A1298 (CC/AC) i dvostrukog heterozigotnog
oblika (GA/AG) polimorfizama FV Leiden i FV HR2 s AIMU, te kombinacije genotipova GA/AA s
perinatalnim AIMU. Utvrđen je i umjereno povećan rizik za pojavu HMU u nosioca haplotipa HA2 (HPA-
1a2a3a-ACED). Ovo istraživanje ukazalo je na povezanost pojedinih dosad nedovoljno istraženih polimorfizama
kao i kombinacija polimorfizama s etiologijom MU u djece u Hrvatskoj, što upotpunjuje i proširuje dosadašnje
spoznaje o etiološkim rizičnim čimbenicima.- Although stroke in children is a relatively rare and heterogeneous disorder with a wide range of identified risk
factors, the etiology of stroke is still undetermined in up to 30% of children. Taking into consideration that
genetic risk factors are incompletely characterized at present and the frequency of genetic factors may vary
among different populations, a genotype analysis was perforrmed of 14 polymorphisms in 12 candidate genes
encoding proteins of the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems (FV Leiden, FV HR2, FII G20210A, beta-fibrinogen -
455G>A, FXIII-A Val34Leu, PAI-1 4G/5G), human platelet alloantigens (HPA-1, -2, -3 and -5), homocysteine
metabolism (MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C) and intermediate risk factors (ACE I/D and apoE 2-4) was
performed. The subject group comprised 100 children with a confirmed diagnosis of stroke aged £18 years and
100 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Obtained results were also analyzed in gender-specific stroke group
and subgroups according to the type of stroke: arterial ischemic (AIS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS), and
according to the time of stroke onset (perinatal and childhood AIS). The predominance of boys was found
among (in) children with stroke and in all tested subgroups. The greatest risk for stroke was identified in the first
year of life, and AIS was found 2.7 times more frequently than HS. This case-control study has confirmed the
association between FV Leiden and stroke that was also observed in numerous studies so far, but it has also
shown that other previously not reported polymorhisms (FXIII-A Val34Leu, HPA-3 and the combination of FV
Leiden and FV HR2 polymorphisms) can be related to AIS in Croatian population. Analysis performed in
gender-specific stroke subgroups revealed the association of different polymorphisms in boys (FXII-A
Val34Leu, HPA-3 and combination of MTHFR polymorphisms) and girls (apoE 4 allele). The strongest
association (with OR>10.0) was found between FV Leiden and perinatal AIS for both genders whereas the
lowest risk for perinatal AIS was observed in girls who were carriers of at least one HPA-3b allele. Obtained
results have at least partially elucidated the role (impact) of new evaluated polymorphisms in the etiology of
stroke in children and their impact according to gender, type of stroke and time of stroke onset.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Alzheimerova bolest (engl. Alzheimer's disease, AD) je najčešća demencija karakterizirana stvaranjem plakova i
neurofibrilarnih ...spletova. Vaskularna demencija (VAD) je druga najučestalija vrsta demencije i nastaje uslijed
ishemijskih, hipoperfuzijskih ili hemoragičnih moždanih lezija. Ciljevi ovog rada su: ispitati diferencijalno
dijagnostičko značenje određivanja serumske koncentracije neurozina (humanog kalikreina 6, KLK6), klasterina
(CLU) i adiponektina (ADPN), te upalnog biljega interleukina-6 (IL-6) u razlikovanju AD i VAD; procijeniti
značenje ispitivanih biljega u razlikovanju kognitivno zdravih ispitanika iste dobi od oboljelih od demencije i
onih ispitanika iste dobi koji imaju blagi kognitivni poremećaj u odnosu na one s dijagnozom AD i VAD;
procijeniti korelaciju ispitivanih biljega sa standardnim pokazateljima kognitivnog deficita.
Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno 70 bolesnika s AD i 67 bolesnika s VAD koji su u neprekidnom slijedu pristizali na
redovnu neurološku obradu u Kliniku za neurologiju KBC-a Sestre milosrdnice u Zagrebu. Skupina kontrolnih
ispitanika iste dobi podijeljena je na kognitivno zdrave (N = 50) i one s blagim kognitivnim poremećajem (N =
48). U okviru rutinske neurološke obrade provedeni su neuropsihološki testovi Mini Mental State Examination
(MMSE) i Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Korištene su slikovne tehnike: kompjuterizirana
tomografija mozga (MSCT), Colour Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI) i transkranijska Doppler sonografija.
Rutinski biokemijski testovi izrađeni su na automatskom biokemijskom analizatoru. Koncentracije biljega KLK6
i CLU su određene ELISA metodom, a koncentracija ADPN je određena imunoturbidimetrijom na automatskom
biokemijskom analizatoru. Koncentracija IL-6 je određena na imunokemijskom analizatoru. Ovisno o vrsti
razdiobe dobivenih rezultata, za testiranje razlika korišteni su statistički testovi Kruskal Wallis i ANOVA. Za
analizu korelacije koristio se Spearmanov, odnosno Pearsonov test. Statistička analiza provedena je pomoću
programa MedCalc.
Kod ispitivanih skupina je nađena razlika za one testove koji se rutinski koriste u neurološkoj obradi dementnih
bolesnika. Koncentracije ispitivanih biljega KLK6, CLU i ADPN u serumu nisu se razlikovale između skupina
(P = 0,137, P = 0,178 i P = 0,268). Koncentracije upalnog biljega IL-6 značajno su se razlikovale između
ispitivanih skupina (P = 0,014), s najvećim medijanom koncentracije u skupini bolesnika s VAD (4,1 pg/mL) i
najmanjim medijanom koncentracije u skupini s MCI (2,3 pg/mL).
Koncentracije ispitivanih biljega KLK6, CLU i ADPN nisu se značajno razlikovale između oboljelih od AD i
VAD. Također, ispitivani biljezi ne pokazuju zadovoljavajuću mogućnost razlikovanja kognitivno zdravih
ispitanika iste dobi od bolesnika s demencijom, kao što ne pokazuju diskriminacijski potencijal kada je u pitanju
razlikovanje skupine iste dobi s dijagnozom blagog kognitivnog poremećaja od skupine s dijagnozom AD,
odnosno VAD. Određivanje koncentracije upalnog biljega IL-6 se pokazalo korisnim u razlikovanju ispitivanih
skupina. Koncentracije ispitivanih biljega nisu korelirale sa rezultatima standardnih pokazatelja kognitivnog
oštećenja.- Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent dementia characterized by formation of plaques and neurofibrilary
tangles. Vascular dementia (VAD) is the second most frequent type of dementia, which is caused by ischemic,
hypoperfusive or hemorrhagic brain lesions. The aims of this study are: assessment of potential serum
biomarkers neurosin (human kallikrein 6, KLK6), clusterin (CLU), adiponectin (ADPN) and inflammatory
marker interleukin – 6 (IL-6) in differential diagnostics of AD and VAD; assessment of potential of KLK6,
CLU, ADPN and IL-6 to separate age-matched cognitively healthy individuals from those who are demented and
to separate those individuals with symptoms of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from those with overt AD or
VAD; assessment of correlation of KLK6, CLU, ADPN and IL-6 with results of parameters regularly used for
determination of cognitive deficit.
70 patients with diagnosis of AD and 67 patients with VAD were included in study in consecutive order during
their routine neurological follow-up in University Department of Neurology in Medical School University
Hospital Sestre milosrdnice, Zagreb. Control group of age-matched individuals consisted of cognitively healthy
individuals (N = 50) and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (N = 48). Neuropsychological tests Mini
Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were done as part of routine
neurological examination. Neuroimaging techniques multi slice computed tomography (MSCT), Colour Doppler
Flow Imaging (CDFI) and transcranial Doppler sonography were used. Routine biochemistry tests were
determined on automated biochemistry analyzer. Concentrations of potential biomarkers were measured using
ELISA method for KLK6 and CLU, and concentration of ADPN was measured using immunoturbidimetry on
automated biochemistry analyzer. Concentration of IL-6 was determined using immunochemistry analyzer.
Depending on data distribution, statistic tests Kruskal Wallis and ANOVA were used for difference testing. For
correlation analysis Spearman and Pearson tests were performed. Statistical analysis was done with MedCalc
program.
Difference between tested groups was found for those tests which are routinely used for neurological follow-up
of demented patients. Concentrations of potential biomarkers KLK6, CLU and ADPN did not differ between
tested participant groups (P = 0,137, P = 0,178 and P = 0,268). Concentrations of IL-6 were significantly
different for tested groups (P = 0,014), with highest median of concentration in VAD group (4,1 pg/mL) and
lowest median of concentration in MCI group (2,3 pg/mL).
Concentrations of investigated biomarkers KLK6, CLU and ADPN did not differ significantly between AD and
VAD patient group. Also, capability of tested biomarkers to differentiate age-matched cognitively healthy
participants from patients with diagnosis of dementia was not sufficient, as well as their discriminating potential
for age-matched participants with MCI compared to AD and VAD patient groups. Measurement of concentration
of inflammatory marker IL-6 proved to be useful in discriminating between tested groups. Concentrations of
potential biomarkers did not correlate with results of standard indicators of cognitive deficiency.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: University of Zagreb. Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry. Department of pharmaceutical technology. - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Trenutno ne postoje ...farmakopejske ili standardne metode i aparature za ispitivanje oslobađanja djelatne tvari iz topikalnih mikročestica. Cilj ovog rada bio je razviti i validirati diskriminatornu in vitro metodu za ispitivanje oslobađanja djelatne tvari iz topikalnih mikročestica, uz korištenje imerzijske ćelije. Za potrebe rada pripremljene su i karakterizirane kitozanske i metakrilatne mikročestice s mupirocinom. Za izradu mikročestica korištena je tehnika sušenja raspršivanjem. Ispitana su sljedeća svojstva mikročestica: učinkovitost uklapanja lijeka, morfologija i veličina čestica, kristalno stanje, termička svojstva, spektralna svojstva, zeta potencijal, higroskopnost te sadržaj vode i ostatnih organskih otapala.
Kitozanske i metakrilatne mikročestice s mupirocinom korištene su kao modelni topikalni terapijski sustavi za razvoj in vitro metode za ispitivanje oslobađanja djelatne tvari. Imerzijska ćelija korištena je u kombinaciji s aparaturom s lopaticom. pH i temperatura medija (pH 5,5, 32°C) odabrani su u skladu s fiziološkim uvjetima na koži. Difuzija lijeka odvijala se preko membrane izrađene od smjese celuloznih estera, koja je pokazala nisku adsorpciju lijeka te nizak otpor difuziji lijeka. Nakon
početnog zastojnog vremena količina oslobođenog lijeka postala je proporcionalna korijenu iz vremena. Nagib u linearnom području krivulje oslobađanja lijeka korišten je kao mjera brzine oslobađanja. Varijacije u brzini okretanja lopatica (25 o/min, 50 o/min, 100 o/min), visini lopatica (1 cm, 2,5 cm) i volumenu medija za ispitivanje oslobađanja (100 ml, 200 ml) nisu značajno utjecale na brzinu oslobađanja. Analiza kitozanskih mikročestica izrađenih s kitozanima različitih molekulskih masa pokazala
je da se kod povećane molekulske mase kitozana smanjuje brzina oslobađanja. S druge strane, brzina oslobađanja bila je veća pri većoj koncentraciji lijeka unutar donorskog odjeljka. Na taj je način pokazana diskriminatornost metode prema razlikama u formulaciji, kao i prema razlikama u koncentraciji uzorka unutar donorskog odjeljka ćelije. Metodom je nadalje potvrđena sličnost serija istog sastava proizvedenih istim procesom. Metoda je validirana u skladu s ICH smjernicama. U sklopu validacije metode potvrđena je njena specifičnost, linearnost, točnost, preciznost i robusnost. Metoda je uspješno primijenjena kod kitozanskih i metakrilatnih čestica, čime je pokazan njen potencijal za karakterizaciju raznih tipova
topikalnih čestičnih terapijskih sustava. Razvijena metoda može biti koristan alat u razvoju formulacije kod takvih terapijskih sustava.- Currently there are no compendial or standard methods and apparatuses for in vitro release testing of topical microparticles. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a discriminative in vitro release method for topical microparticles using the immersion cell. For the purpose of this study chitosan-based and methacrylate-based microparticles with mupirocin were prepared by spray drying. The following characteristics of the microparticles were
examined: encapsulation efficiency, particle size and morphology, crystallinity, thermal properties, spectral properties, surface charge, hygroscopicity, residual organic solvents and water content. Chitosan-based and methacrylate-based microparticles with mupirocin were used as model topical delivery systems for in vitro release method development. The immersion cells were used in combination with paddle dissolution apparatus. The pH and temperature of the release medium (pH 5.5, 32°C) were selected to reflect the physiological skin conditions. Diffusion of the drug occured
across a mixed cellulose ester membrane, which demonstrated low drug adsorption and low diffusional resistance. After an initial lag phase the amount of drug released became proportional to the square root of time. The slope in the linear portion of the release curve was used as a measure of release rate. Variations in paddle rotation speed (25 rpm, 50 rpm, 100 rpm), paddle height (1 cm, 2.5 cm) and volume of release medium (100 ml, 200 ml) did not significantly alter the release rates. Appropriate discriminatory power of the method was confirmed as the method was able to detect differences in formulation, as well as differences in drug concentration inside the sample compartment. The analysis of chitosan-based microparticles prepared with chitosans of different molecular weights has shown that the release rate decreases with increasing molecular weight of chitosan. On the other hand, the release rate increased with increasing drug concentration inside the sample compartment. The method was further used to confirm sameness between batches of the same composition prepared by the same process. The method was validated for its specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness in line with International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The method was successfully applied both for chitosan-based and methacrylate-based microparticles, which demonstrates its potential application for various types of topical particulate delivery system.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Poput većine materijala koje ljudi upotrebljavaju i polimerni se materijali preporučuju u literaturi, a povremeno i klinički primjenjuju kao pomagala ili dijelovi pomagala u kirurgiji, zubarstvu i ...farmaciji u liječenju ozljeda i bolesti.
Svim tim primjenama zajednička je djelotvorna uloga polimera u dodiru sa životinjskim i ljudskim stanicama, tkivomi/ili organima. U novije je vrijeme otkriveno da su polimeri koji se rabe za izradu plastične ambalaže, u koloidnim suspenzijama boja i u mnogim drugim oblicima u okruženju isto tako u dodiru sa živim sustavima u kojima uzrokuju probleme povezane s održivošću, s otpuštanjem kemikalija ili zagađivala i s uklanjanjem otpada. Navedeno je u osnovi vrlo slično problemima koji se javljaju tijekom primjene polimera u liječenju. Nije zanemarivo napomenuti da se biotehnologija i obnovljivi izvori smatraju privlačnim izvorima polimera. Kako svi navedeni primjeri uključuju vodu, ione, biopolimere, stanice i tkiva, proizlazi da bi znanstvenici iz područja polimera, medicine, biologije i ekologije pri opisivanju sličnih svojstava, fenomena i mehanizama trebali rabiti jednako nazivlje. Posebno je zanimljivo područje "razgradljivih ili biorazgradljivih polimera" namijenjenih proizvodnj imaterijala vremenski ograničene trajnosti primjenljivih u medicini i u okolišu u kojemu bi, uvažavajući živi sustav, uklanjanje i bioobnovljivost trebali biti gotovo idealni.
Provider: - Institution: University of Zagreb. Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry. Department of medical biochemistry and haematology. - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Kronična ...opstrukcijska plućna bolest (KOPB) je složeni poremećaj koji zahvaća pluća, ali
i sistemski odjeljak. Naše se istraživanje temeljilo na hipotezi da je u bolesnika s KOPB-om
prisutna sistemska upala i sistemski oksidacijski stres. Sukladno tome, cilj ovog istraživanja
bio je istražiti sistemske pokazatelje oksidacijskih i upalnih promjena u bolesnika sa stabilnim
KOPB-om te ispitati povezanost sistemskih antioksidansa s poremećajem funkcije pluća i
biljezima sistemske upale. Ispitali smo i dijagnostičku učinkovitost biljega sistemskog
oksidacijskog stresa u razlikovanju zdravih i oboljelih od KOPB-a.
Sistemski biljezi oksidacijskog stresa (albumin, transferin, ceruloplazmin, ukupni bilirubin,
slobodne tiolne skupine, malondialdehid (MDA), paraoksonazna i arilesterazna aktivnost
paraoksonaze 1 (PON1), te ekspresija i aktivacija unutarstaničnih signalnih molekula Hsp27,
Hsp70, ERK, JNK i p38) određeni su u 106 bolesnika sa stabilnim KOPB-om i 45 zdravih
ispitanika. Ispitane su i njihove povezanosti s biljezima sistemske upale (CRP, fibrinogen,
ukupni leukociti), pušenjem i pokazateljima funkcije pluća (FEV1 i FEV1/FVC).
Bolesnici s KOPB-om su imali povišene koncentracije ceruloplazmina i MDA, snižene
koncentracije albumina, transferina i tiola, te snižene obje ispitane aktivnosti PON1.
Koncentracije ukupnog bilirubina nisu se razlikovale usporedbom ispitivanih skupina.
Ceruloplazmin je pokazao pozitivnu korelaciju s CRP-om i fibrinogenom. Albumin i
transferin su pokazali negativnu korelaciju s CRP-om, te pozitivnu korelaciju sa slobodnim
tiolima. Transferin je negativno korelirao s fibrinogenom. Jedini pokazatelj povezan s
funkcijom pluća bio je MDA. Usporedbom pušača, bivših pušača i nepušača iz skupine
bolesnika s KOPB-om nisu nađene razlike u koncentracijama promatranih biljega
oksidacijskog stresa i upale. Povišene koncentracije ceruloplazmina su najsnažniji prediktor
prisutnosti KOPB-a. Model koji uključuje ceruloplazmin, albumin, MDA i arilesteraznu
aktivnost PON1 te biljege sistemske upale pokazao je najbolju dijagnostičku učinkovitost u
predviđanju KOPB-a (AUC (95%CI) = 0,96 (0,92 – 0,99)). Predloženi bi model mogao
ispravno predvidjeti prisutnost KOPB-a u 89% bolesnika. Također, naši su rezultati ukazali da
je razina ekspresije Hsp27 i Hsp70 u leukocitima periferne bila je najniža u pušača s KOPBom.
Ekspresija svih ispitivanih MAPK (ERK, JNK i p38) u perifernim leukocitima bolesnika
s KOPB-om nije se razlikovala u usporedbi sa zdravim ispitanicima. Aktivacija ERK bila je
značajnija kod zdravih i bolesnih nepušača, dok je aktivacija JNK i p38 bila najizraženija u
pušača s KOPB-om.
Rezultati su ukazali da prisutnost bolesti i pušenje utječu na ispitane unutarstanične
signalne molekule. Bolje razumijevanje ovih molekularnih mehanizama moglo bi pomoći u
dijagnozi i pronalaženju novih terapijskih meta za KOPB. Dijagnostičke karakteristike
predloženog modela koji kombinira koncentracije biljega sistemske upale i sistemskog
oksidacijskog stresa ukazuju da bi se on mogao koristiti kao vrijedan alat u razlikovanju
zdravih ispitanika i bolesnika s KOPB-om.- Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disorder
affecting the lungs and the systemic compartment. We hypothesized that systemic
inflammation and systemic oxidative stress are present in patients with COPD. Therefore, we
aimed to investigate markers of systemic oxidative and inflammatory alterations in patients
with stable COPD, and to test the association of systemic antioxidants with indicators of lung
function and systemic inflammation. The diagnostic accuracy of systemic oxidative stress
parameters in distinguishing between healthy subjects and patients with COPD was also
evaluated.
Materials and methods: Systemic oxidative stress markers (albumin, transferrin,
ceruloplasmin, total bilirubin, thiols, malondialdehyde (MDA), paraoxonase and arylesterase
activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and the expression and activation of intracellular signalling
molecules Hsp27, Hsp70, ERK, JNK i p38) were assessed in 106 stable COPD patients and
45 healthy subjects. Their association with systemic inflammatory markers (CRP, fibrinogen,
total leukocytes), smoking status and lung function parameters (FEV1 i FEV1/FVC) was
investigated.
Results: Higher ceruloplasmin and MDA concentrations, and lower albumin, transferrin,
thiols and PON1 activities (paraoxonase and arylesterase) were found in patients with COPD.
Total bilirubin concentrations were similar in the studied groups. Ceruloplasmin showed a
positive correlation with CRP and fibrinogen. Albumin and transferrin showed a negative
correlation with CRP, and a positive corelation with thiols. Transferrin negatively correlated
with fibrinogen. Only MDA showed an association with pulmonary function. No differences
were found comparing concentrations of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers between
COPD patients subdivided according to their smoking status. Ceruloplasmin was the strongest
single predictor of COPD. The model combining ceruloplasmin, albumin, MDA, arylesterase
PON1 activity, and markers of systemic inflammation demonstrated very good diagnostic
performances (AUC (95%CI) = 0,96 (0,92 – 0,99)). The proposed model correctly identifies
89% of patients with COPD. In addition, our results showed that the decrease in expression of
peripheral blood leukocytes' Hsp27 and Hsp70 was the most prominent in COPD smokers.
Expression levels of all three MAPKs investigated was not altered in leukocytes of COPD
patients compared to healthy subjects. However, ERK activation was stimulated in healthy and COPD non-smokers, while JNK and p38 activation was the most pronounced in COPD
smokers.
Conclusions: Our results showed that COPD and smoking affect the intracellular
signalling pathways investigated. Improved understanding of these molecular mechanisms
could help identify novel targets for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions in COPD.
Diagnostic characteristics of the proposed model, obtained by combining markers of systemic
inflammation and systemic oxidative stress, suggest its potential value as an additional tool in
COPD diagnosis.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: University of Zagreb. Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry. Department of microbiology. - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Učinak sekundarnog metabolita masline (Olea ...europaea L.) oleuropeina, njegovog razgradnog produkta hidroksitirosola i vodenog ekstrakta maslinova lista na staničnu vijabilnost medicinski značajne gljivične vrste Candida albicans ispitan je in vitro testovima. Metodom mikrodilucije određene su minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIK) koje uzrokuju 80 % smanjenja stanične vijabilnosti i koje su iznosile 12,5 mg/ml za oleuropein, 6,25 mg/ml za hidroksitirosol i 25 mg/ml za vodeni ekstrakt maslinova lista. Kvantitativna analiza s fluorescentnim bojanjem upućuje na zaključak da je apoptoza primarni način stanične smrti u uzorcima tretiranim sa sub-MIK koncentracijama ovih tvari. Budući da je patogenost vrste određena virulentnim čimbenicima, ispitani su učinci oleuropeina i hidroksitirosola na najznačajnije virulentne čimbenike vrste C. albicans. Utvrđen je inhibitorni učinak ovih fenolnih tvari na promjenu u hifalni oblik rasta kod vrste C. albicans induciranu u uvjetima staničnog gladovanja. Pri sub-MIK koncentracijama, oleuropein i hidroksitirosol nisu pokazali inhibitorno djelovanje na stvaranje biofilma ove vrste. Pri subinhibitornim koncentracijama nakon 24 sata inkubacije, oleuropein i hidroksitirosol su uzrokovali modulaciju stanične površinske hidrofobnosti koja se dovodi u svezu s adherencijom vrste C. albicans na biomaterijale. Uzgoj vrste C. albicans u prisutnosti oleuropeina i hidroksitirosola je uzrokovao inhibiciju aktivnosti kandidinih hidrolitičkih enzima, aspartil-proteaza (Sap) i α-glukozidaza. Tretiranjem vrste C. albicans s oleuropeinom i hidroksitirosolom utvrđeno je višestruko djelovanje ovih tvari uključujući oštećenje stanične stijenke, stanične membrane i otpuštanje citoplazmatskog sadržaja (DNA i proteina). S obzirom da neki antimikotici djeluju kao inhibitori biosinteze ergosterola, provedeno je ispitivanje učinka oleuropeina i hidroksitirosola na modulaciju ergosterola kojima je utvrđeno smanjenje ovog sterola u ovisnosti o primijenjenoj koncentraciji. Uz testove određivanja djelovanja na gljivičnu vrstu, ispitani su mogući citotoksični i genotoksični učinci na stanice nositelja. Navedene tvari nisu pokazale hemolitičku aktivnost na humanim eritrocitima pri testiranim koncentracijama u rasponu 3-60 μM. Ispitivanje učinka na humanim limfocitima periferne krvi provedeno kometnim testom pokazalo je protektivno djelovanje ovih tvari na oštećenja DNA inducirana s mutagenom H2O2, pri čemu je hidroksitirosol imao bolji protektivni učinak u usporedbi s oleuropeinom nakon 120 min predtretmana s ispitivanim tvarima u koncentracijama 1, 5 i 10 μM. Navedeni genoprotektivni učinci su posljedica snažnog antioksidativnog djelovanja ovih fenolnih spojeva utvrđenih ABTS, FRAP i CUPRAC metodom.- Activity of oleuropein, a phenol secoiridoid present in olive tree products, its derivative hydroxytyrosol and water extract of olive leaf were investigated using in vitro tests against opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Antifungal susceptibility testing was used to estimate the drop of viability up to 80 % in comparison to the control (untreated cells). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. albicans for oleuropein was 12,5 mg/ml, for hydroxytyrosol was 6,25 mg/ml and for water extract of olive leaf was 25 mg/ml. Morphological changes in the nuclei after staining with fluorescent DNA-binding dyes revealed that apoptosis was a primary mode of cell death in analyzed samples treated with sub-MIC concentrations of tested compounds. In order to understand mode of action of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, their effect on C. albicans virulence factors essential for development of infection in the host have been investigated. Both oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol modulate morphogenetic coversion and inhibit filamentation of C. albicans induced in the conditions of reduced nutrient availability. On the other hand, treatment with sub-MIC concentractions of these phenolic compounds did not affect C. albicans biofilm formation. The hydrophobicity assay showed that both compounds, in sub-MIC values, have decreased the cellular surface hydrophobicity, a factor associated with adhesion to epithelial cells. Cultivation of C. albicans in the presence of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol also inhibits, in the dose-dependent manner, acitivity of aspartyl-proteases (Sap), hydrolytic enzymes important in adherence, tissue penetration, invasion and destruction of host tissue. Most therapies for fungal infections target the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway or its end product ergosterol which is necessary for growth and normal function of fungal cells. At subinhibitory concentrations tested compounds have altered sterol content and subsequently affected the cell membrane of C. albicans. Both compounds induced dose-dependent loss of intracellular material to outer space (DNA, protein leakage) and caused membrane depolarisation indicating their direct effect on the membrane. In addition, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays were performed to elucidate the effect of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol on the host cells. Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol exhibited no hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes at tested concentrations (3-60 μM). Antigenotoxic effects of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol against H2O2-induced damage in human lymphocytes were evaluated in vitro by alkaline comet assay. Pretreatment of human lymphocytes with each of the substance for 120 min produced dose-dependent reduction of primary DNA damage in the tested cell type. At tested concentrations (1, 5, 10 μM), hydroxytyrosol showed better protective effect than oleuropein against H2O2-induced DNA breaks. Our results suggest that genoprotective effects of these phenolic compounds could be attributed to their radical scavenging and metal ions chelating activity which were determined using ABTS, FRAP and CUPRAC assays.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
U ovom opservacijskom radu istražili smo utjecaj antireumatskih lijekova koji mijenjaju tijek bolesti (BMARL) na:
aktivnost bolesti, vrijednosti reaktanata akutne faze i apolipoproteina A-1 (Apo A-1) ...u bolesnika s aktivnim reumatoidnim
artritisom (RA). Osamdeset pacijenata s aktivnim i novootkrivenim RA, u skladu s revidiranim klasi fi kacijskim kriterijima
Američkoga reumatološkog udruženja (ARA) iz 1987. godine, liječeno je lijekovima koji mijenjaju tijek upalne
reumatske bolesti – BMARL-ima, u skladu sa standardnim protokolom liječenja u svakodnevnoj praksi. Nakon 6 i 12
mjeseci liječenja pacijenti su postigli značajno smanjenje vrijednosti DAS28 (disease activity score), CRP-a (C-reaktivni
protein) i SE (sedimentacija eritrocita). S druge strane, razine Apo A-1, koje su na početku bile niske, značajno su se povisile. Zaključno, primjena BMARL-a u bolesnika s RA smanjila je aktivnost bolesti i upalu, ali je imala pozitivne
učinke u smislu povišenja razine ateroprotektivnog Apo A-1, što može sniziti kardiovaskularne rizike.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Doping je jedan od najvećih problema suvremenog sporta, stoga je potrebno ispitati faktore koji
su povezani s doping ponašanjem ...sportaša. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj sociodemografskih
pokazatelja, znanja o dopingu i prehrani te sportskih čimbenika na doping (trenutno i
potencijalno doping ponašanje) u nogometu, košarci, odbojci i rukometu. Istraživanje je
provedeno na uzorku od 457 sportaša starijih od 18 godina, među kojima je bilo 179 žena i 278
muškaraca, te na 113 trenera nogometa, košarke, rukometa i odbojke iz Republike Kosovo.
Varijable su prikupljene ekstenzivnim, prethodno validiranim, upitnikom, a moguće ih je
podijeliti na: (1) sociodemografske pokazatelje, (2) sportske faktore, (3) faktore znanja o prehrani
i dopingu, (4) doping faktore. U prvoj fazi obrade rezultata provjerila se pouzdanost upitnika.
Kod kvanititavnih varijabli zračunavane su aritmetičke sredine i standardne devijacije, a kod
kvalitativnih su se izračunale frekvencije i postoci odgovora. Analize razlika uključivale su
Kruskall Wallis ANOVA-e za neparametrijske varijable, povezanost među varijablama
utvrđivala se primjenom Spearmanove korelacijske analize, a u zadnjoj fazi primijenjena je
logistička regresijska analiza za binomni kriterij potencijalne konzumacije dopinga. Prema tome
u rukometu i košarci muškarci imaju veću vjerojatnost (Odds Ratio) za doping ponašanje
(rukomet: OR = 3,41; 95% CI = 1,16-9,96; košarka: OR = 2,87; 95% CI = 1,09-7,56), u
nogometu je situacija obrnuta te su žene rizičnija skupina (OR = 2,67; 95% CI = 1,21-5,86), dok
u odbojci nema razlika među spolovima (OR = 1,33; 95% CI = 0,45-3,91). Dok je u jednim sportovima povezanost sociodemografskih varijabli s doping ponašanjem slaba (primjerice
nogomet), u drugim se sportovima prepoznaju vrlo jasni faktori rizika i zaštite od potencijalnog
doping ponašanja. Sportsko postignuće u seniorskom uzrastu prepoznato je u nekoliko situacija
kao faktor zaštite od doping ponašanja. To je podatak koji bi se svakako trebalo iskoristiti u
razvoju prevencijskih programa kojima je cilj sprječavanje doping ponašanja. Znanje o prehrani
pokazalo se kao faktor koji je negativno povezan s potencijalnim doping ponašanjem sportaša.
Znanje o doping problematici nije se pokazalo kao faktor koji je na bilo koji način povezan s
potencijalnim doping ponašanjem. U nekoliko navrata uočeno je da bi se u budućim istraživanjima trebalo ispitati problematiku utjecaja faktora na doping ponašanje kod sportaša
juniorskog uzrasta.- Doping behavior is one of the worst problems in contemporary sport. The aim of this research
was to explore the association between certain specific sociodemographic factors, knowledge on
doping and sport-nutrition, and sport factors, on doping behavior in soccer (football), basketball,
volleyball and handball athletes and their coaches, from Republic of Kosovo. The sample of
participants comprised of 457 athletes (all aged 18+; 179 females and 278 males) and 113
coaches engaged in observed four sports. All of the participants have been tested, and
consequently engaged in sport within Republic of Kosovo throughout competitive season
2013/2014. The previously validated questionnaire was used as a measuring tool, examining four
groups of data: (1) socio-demographic data, (2) sport factors, (3) knowledge on sport-nutrition
and doping, and (4) doping factors. After reliability analyses descriptive statistics were
calculated. The differences between characteristic groups (i.e. genders, sports, coaches vs.
athletes) were established b Kruskal Wallis ANOVA. The associations were established by
Spearman’s correlations and Logistic regressions. Odds ratio were calculated to define the
likelihood of certain bivariate criterion in certain group of participants. In handball and basketball
the higher likelihood of doping behavior is found for males (handball: OR = 3,41; 95% CI =
1,16-9,96; basketball: OR = 2,87; 95% CI = 1,09-7,56), in soccer the females are more at risk for
such behavior (OR = 2,67; 95% CI = 1,21-5,86), while there is no significant difference between
genders for volleyball (OR = 1,33; 95% CI = 0,45-3,91). In some sports the association between
socio-demographic indices and doping behavior is week (i.e. football) in other sports results show
clear protective/risk factors of potential doping behavior. Generally, specific factors of
association are evidenced in different sports. Sport achievement in senior age (i.e. result achieved) is found to be protective against doping behavior. These results should be highlighted
and incorporated in preventive programs against doping behavior in sports. The knowledge on
doping is not found to be related to doping-behavior, but there are certain indices that knowledge
on sport-nutrition should be observed as a protective factor against doping behavior among
athletes. Results clearly indicate necessity of future investigations on a problem while studying
junior age athletes.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
PDF
