The article focuses on five essential phenomena in the Finnish memory culture relating to the three Finnish wars fought in 1939-1945, namely, (1) the memory of the fallen; (2) the influential work by ...author Väinö Linna; (3) the contested memory politics and veteran cultures in the 1960s and 1970s; (4) Germany and the Holocaust in the Finnish memory culture; and (5) the 'neo-patriotic' turn in the commemoration of the wars from the end of the 1980s onwards. The Finnish memory culture of 1939-1945 presents an interesting case of how the de facto lost wars against the Soviet Union have been shaped into cornerstones of national history and identity that continue to play a significant role even today. Using the growing research literature on the various aspects of the Finnish war memories and memory politics, the article aims, first, at outlining a synthesis of the memory culture's central features and, second, at challenging the common contemporary conception, according to which the Finnish war veterans would have been forgotten, neglected and even disgraced during the post-war decades, to be 'rehabilitated' only from the end of the 1980s onwards.
In this study we discuss L2 learners’ reflections on their use of metalinguistic knowledge during a writing process. The qualitatively analysed data consists of recorded and transcribed retrospective ...stimulated recall interviews with twelve participants, of which six had Finnish and six Swedish as their L1. The interviews were conducted in participants’ L1 directly after a finished writing process of an argumentative text in L2-Finnish or L2-Swedish. The texts were written using a keystroke logging programme, allowing stimulated recall interviews. The results show that the correspondence of case suffixes in Finnish and prepositions in Swedish was mentioned by both learner groups, in addition to word order in both languages. However, memory rules from pedagogical grammar were used to reflect on word order in Swedish or inflection of nouns in both L2s. In contrast, technical metalanguage was seldom used in L2 learners’ verbalisations. Further evidence is also given to support the fact that learners may misinterpret grammatical rules and that they rely on their intuition alongside these rules. The results are in line with previous research in that learners seem to possess metalinguistic knowledge, but it may be imprecise.
I studien diskuteras bruket av metaspråklig kunskap som framkommer i informanternas reflektion efter en avslutad skrivprocess på två typologiskt olika inlärarspråk (L2), finska och svenska. Det kvalitativt analyserade materialet består av retrospektiva (stimulated recall) intervjuer med tolv universitetsstudenter av vilka hälften hade svenska som förstaspråk (L1) och hälften hade finska som förstaspråk (L1). De skrev en argumenterande text på sitt L2, finska respektive svenska, med hjälp av tangentloggning och intervjuades direkt efteråt på sitt L1. Resultaten visar överraskande att båda inlärargrupperna reflekterar över motsvarigheten mellan finskans kasussuffix och svenskans prepositioner samt ordföljden i de båda inlärarspråken. Även från undervisningen bekanta pedagogiska minnesregler, som ramsor för ordföljden i svenska eller nomenböjning i finska tas upp av informanterna. Missvisande tolkningar av regler förekommer och även att inlärare använder sig av sin intuition. Däremot återfinns sällan tekniskt metaspråk. Resultaten är i linje med tidigare forskning som visat att språkinlärares metaspråkliga kunskap ofta är inexakt, att tekniskt metaspråk sparsamt används och att intuition används vid sidan om grammatiska regler.
I denna artikel diskuteras hur informanter med finska som förstaspråk och med varierande språklig bakgrund förstår och producerar norska idiom med kroppsdelsbeteckningar jämfört med infödda talare av ...norska (n = 80). Huvudsyftet är att studera hur semantisk transparens, frekvens, kontext samt idiomets motsvarighet i finska påverkar idiomförståelsen. Resultaten ställs i relation till startålder för andraspråksinlärning och språkanvändningsmönster. Materialet har insamlats med hjälp av en enkät som innehåller ett test, där såväl receptiv som produktiv idiomkunskap testas samt bakgrundsinformation om informanterna och deras språkanvändning. Resultaten visar att informanterna behärskar idiom med kroppsdelsbeteckningar väl. De idiom som var svåra för de norsktalande vuxna var också utmanande för de övriga informantgrupperna. Det finns signifikanta skillnader mellan informantgrupperna. För informanterna med finska som L1 har de lättaste idiomen motsvarigheter i finska och de är semantiskt transparenta men även kontext påverkar i viss mån idiomförståelsen. Utifrån resultaten kan det inte dras några entydiga slutsatser om idiomets frekvens för behärskningen av idiomen. Skillnaderna mellan informantgrupperna förekommer särskilt i produktiv kunskap av idiom där informanterna med sen startålder för andraspråksinlärning presterar sämre. Även språkanvändningsmönster bidrar till idiomförståelse.
The article discusses how a historical turning point, the Finnish war 1808–1809, has been described in a sample of Swedish and Finnish upper secondary school history textbooks. A chronological ...comparison is made in order to examine the changes over time. A question of interest is if there are national differences in the perspectives of the texts. The article presents a tentative typology based on the breadth and depth of the descriptions. In general, the descriptions of the Finnish war events have become shorter. However, the Finnish textbooks give more space to this event, while the Swedish textbooks, especially since the 1960s, only mention the war briefly. The description of this war exemplifies the shifting preferences in the choice of content, and the changing foci of historical knowledge in history textbooks. More generally, the changes in this topic can also be explained by the varying conceptions of national history and different historical cultures in these countries.
This book concerns one of the paradigm examples of grammaticalization, the development of a definite article from a demonstrative determiner. Although standard written Finnish has no articles, the ...demonstrative se is currently emerging as a definite article in spoken Finnish. This book describes and explains the developing use of se based on a database consisting of spoken narratives from three different periods spanning the last one hundred years.The author proposes that the development from demonstrative to article has its roots in the way that speakers ordinarily use demonstratives in conversation, and provides an analysis of the use of se and the two other Finnish demonstratives, tämä and tuo in a corpus of multi-party conversations, showing that speakers of Finnish use demonstratives to focus attention on important referents and to express and negotiate access to them in the interactive context of ongoing talk, and not primarily to talk about how near or far referents are. The development of se into a general marker of identifiability is shown to be connected with both the focusing function of demonstratives as well as its use for referents which the speaker considers accessible to the addressee.
I den här artikeln diskuteras följande frågor: Varför är det viktigt att språkvårdare känner till sociala medier och den praxis som råder där? Hur har de finska språkvårdarna vid Institutet för de ...inhemska språken dragit konkret nytta av sociala medier? Vilka möjligheter å ena sidan och begränsningar och hot å andra sidan innebär de sociala medierna för språkvården? Och på vilket sätt är de sociala medierna närvarande och relevanta också i den mest traditionella formen av språkvårdens tjänster, det vill säga i telefonrådgivningen? Med hjälp av sociala medier bygger språkvårdarna upp en ny slags relation till arbetet – till språkvården, det språk som vårdas och naturligtvis till språkbrukarna. Trots alla förändringar förblir kärnan i arbetet och det viktigaste målet ändå desamma.
"This book provides the reader with understanding of the phenomenon of silent resistance, collecting and presenting research on it. Regulating, governing or controlling human activity often generates ...open resistance, which has been studied from the points of view of democracy, civil disobedience or political activism, for example. However, power relations and conflicts can also involve another kind of resistance, which may not necessarily even be recognised as resistance at first. It can be called silent, passive, invisible or everyday resistance. Silent resistance is a way of the subjugated or otherwise marginalised to challenge the dominant rules or systems. Because it does not proclaim resistance but rather tries to stay out of publicity, it is risk-free and low-profile activity that is seemingly non-political – and you can get away with it. Silent resistance can take many different forms: it may appear, for example, as silence and grumbling, isolation, avoiding and hindering issues or shifting attention to something irrelevant. The importance of everyday resistance rises from the signals of small networks in a situation where open confrontation is not possible or desired, but total inactivity is not an option either. Moreover, silent resistance remaining in the margin cannot be considered separate from open resistance, but as an important part in the process of realising more open resistance. Although power relations serve as the event framework of the phenomenon, silent resistance is a weapon not only in the hands of the subjugated. Its tactics can also be used by those who hold power. With the articles in the book, the reader can follow the most diverse situations of silent resistance through both historical and contemporary events. The cases outline different forms of silent resistance, as well as its mechanisms and motives. The articles in the collection reveal aspects of sociology, cultural anthropology, cultural research, youth research and historical research. This emphasises the wide spectrum of silent resistance, its loudness and multidisciplinary character. "
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