Bilingual codeswitching is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, which calls for explanations on several different linguistic levels. This volume focuses on one such level: the level of syntax. An ...explanation for the regularities and consistencies in the codeswitching patterns of American Finns in their spontaneous conversations is sought for in the Universal Grammar -based principle of government as realized in case-assignment and agreement relations. A bulk of the Finnish-English intrasentential data get their explanation on the structural, hierarchical level, but this level of syntax is found to be interestingly intertwined with sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, and discourse levels, which all contribute to variation in codeswitching patterns. The proposed principle of government is seen as one important explanation in typologically certain kinds of language pairs such as Finnish and English; however, this principle is not treated as a monolithic constraint, but rather as the leading tendency which is occasionally overridden by other than syntactic forces.The volume is intended as a complement - not as a contradiction - to earlier explanations of codeswitching phenomena. Its main message is: while all linguistic levels contribute to the construction of bilingual speech, the importance of syntax can not be ignored.
In 1800, almost four times as many people spoke Irish as Finnish. That year the Act of Union joined Ireland to Great Britain; half of the population, over three million, were monoglot Irish speakers. ...Finland was then a part of the Kingdom of Sweden. An increasing number, perhaps 15%, spoke Swedish; the remainder, less than one million, spoke Finnish. A century later in 1900, however, as national agitation for independence grew in both countries, Ireland and Finland had become almost reverse mirror images linguistically. A tiny fraction of Irish people habitually spoke Irish, but Finnish had become the overwhelmingly dominant language in Finland. The present exploratory comparative study in language change points to three major conclusions: the importance of contingency, or chance, in such historical developments; the importance of individual agency; and the complexity and dynamic nature of the relationship between national identity and language.
Esittelemäni tutkimus on ensimmäinen osa ruotsinkielistensuomenoppijoiden paikallissijojen käytön tutkimustani. Tutkimuksessa kartoitan paikallissijojen yleisyyksiä ja erilaisia ...paikallissijojenkäyttöjä. Aineistona on äidinkieleltään ruotsinkielistensuomenoppijoiden suomi vieraana kielenä -alkeiskurssilla kirjoittamiakirjallisia tuotoksia sisältävä Ruotsin osakorpus (43 496 sanetta), joka kuuluu Kansainvälisen oppijansuomen korpukseen. Digitaalisesta aineistosta on WordSmith Tools -ohjelmaan kuuluvalla Concord-työkalulla haettu kaikki aineiston sisältämät paikallissijaesiintymät (4 408 sanetta). Tutkimusmetodina on käytettyvirheanalyysiä, ja tutkimus on luonteeltaan myös kontrastiivinen. Artikkelissa keskitytään suomenoppijoiden valitsemiin norminvastaisiin paikallisijojen käyttöihin, jotka ilmenevät paikallissijojen keskinäisenä sekoittumisena ja paikallissijojen käyttämisenä muiden sijamuotojen vastineina. Artikkelissa pohditaan, miten suomenoppija hahmottaa suunnan ja tilan käsitykset, kun oppijan lähtökieli ja opeteltava kohdekieli kuuluvat eri kielikuntiin.
Na temelju socijalnog institucionalizma i promatrajući neutralnosti iz političke perspektive, ovaj članak istražuje domaće političke rasprave o neutralnosti u Austriji, Švedskoj i Finskoj. Cilj je ...bio odgovoriti na pitanje kako su se njihovi koncepti neutralnosti rekonceptualizirali u odnosu na europske norme mira, demokracije, slobode, ljudskih prava i vladavine prava tijekom aplikacije za članstvo u EZ/EU . U austrijskom slučaju, neutralnost je uokvirena da bude kompatibilna s članstvom. Međutim, unatoč sličnim normama, švedska neutralnost nije bila prilagodljiva s europskim normama, zbog nacionalne autonomije i iznimne povezanosti s neutralnošću. Konačno, finska neutralnost, prije svega zamišljena i razvijena radi sigurnosnog interesa, nije redefinirana u odnosu s europskim normama, već se smatra sigurnosnim alatom koji bi bio napušten kada bi nestala prijetnja s istoka, kako bi se u potpunosti integrirali sa zapadnom Europom. Ovaj članak dolazi do zaključka da neutralnost nije samo pitanje sigurnosti, već je povezana s kulturnom dimenzijom, što rezultira različitim odnosom naspram europskih normi, otkuda potječu različita tumačenja neutralnosti. To bi u budućnosti moglo imati određene implikacije na uloge tih zemalja u zajedničkoj vanjskoj i sigurnosnoj politici.
This thesis examines fragmentary Finnish in Late Old Swedish charters (c. 1350–1526) issued in the Finnish part of the Swedish realm, the diocese of Åbo. Consisting mostly of proper names, albeit ...occasionally displaying Finnish inflectional and derivational morphology, these fragments have previously not generally been regarded as representing actual written Finnish, but rather as onomastic loans or transcriptions of oral language by more or less monolingual Swedish scribes. This thesis attempts a description and analysis of the Swedish–Finnish language mixture, to see to what extent the embedding of Finnish segments in these Swedish-language charters can be said to reflect scribal proficiency in Finnish or a lack thereof. The thesis relies on theoretical and empirical findings in the fields of code-switching and historical sociolinguistics. To provide a socio-historical context for the linguistic analysis, sociolinguistic conditions in medieval Finland and the textual genre of medieval charters are outlined. The bilingual segments in the data are then described and compared with models of code-switching from modern studies, to see whether their form corresponds to patterns that could be expected of more or less balanced bilinguals. The choice between Swedish and Finnish linguistic variants is also considered in the light of textual and sociolinguistic factors, and a study is made of Finnish grammatical transfer in the scribal Swedish of medieval Finland. Although the scarcity of the medieval data does not allow definite conclusions, the tentative results reveal a language mixture that is mainly well formed, though limited in scope and with some instances of scribal errors that could be due to a lack of proficiency in Finnish. On the other hand, the insertion of Finnish segments shows a stylistic patterning that suggests a linguistic awareness on the part of the scribes, and the choice of Swedish prepositions in certain constructions differs quantitatively from the norm in non-Finnish parts of medieval Sweden, in a way that can partly be attributed to the influence of Finnish locative case semantics. While it is apparent that proficiency levels in Finnish must have varied somewhat among medieval scribes in Finland, the results point to a more or less bilingual proficiency, or at least extensive passive knowledge of Finnish.
This paper provides a descriptive and theoretical account of Finnish temperature adjectives as a system consisting of a three-term core and a supplementary set. The former are unrestricted with ...respect to a number of grammatical and semantic parameters proposed in cross-linguistic and typological studies, whereas the latter have restricted availability in temperature subdomains or express additional semantic distinctions. In metaphorical uses of the adjectives, the base of semantic extensions is argued to be the culturally grounded emotional charge of positive or negative evaluation that gives rise to thermal preferences of different kinds of emotions. Metaphorical extensions not only involve changes in the argument structure of a term, but also significant increase in the use of syntactic frames with abstract situational semantics.
Ovim se člankom pokušavaju rasvijetliti dvije zanemarene teme u istraživanju socijalnog kapitala: analiza crkvenoga konteksta i iskustva na pojedinačnoj razini. Namjera je članka dvojaka: prvo, ...istražiti elemente socijalnog
kapitala konceptualno ih analizirajući u odnosu na crkveno volonterstvo, i drugo, empirijski analizirati važnost tih elemenata u podatcima dobivenim u razgovorima sa crkvenim volonterima. Kad se obje analize ujedine, sadašnja studija istražuje je li (i na koji način) socijalni kapital relevantni pristup za analizu crkvenog volonterstva. Kao rezultat empirijske analize sadržaja na temelju prethodne konceptualne analize, analizira se i kategorizira 520 refe-renci socijalnog kapitala. Na taj se način predstavlja model putanje izgradnje socijalnog kapitala u crkvenom volonterstvu. Prema tom modelu specificiraju se funkcionalne uloge različitih elemenata socijalnog kapitala, te se ilustriraju razne potencijalne uloge Crkava i volontera.
This PhD study explores multilingualism in Finnish language youth radio broadcasting, with interactional and ethnographic data from Sweden Finnish and Finnish youth radio broadcasting. The ...interactional data consist of audio recordings from radio programs, while the ethnographic data consist of observations, logbook notes and interviews. The data were recorded and collected during the summer of 2005 from Radio Sweden’s (SR) Finnish language radio station Sisuradio and its youth program Klubi-Klubben, and simultaneously from Finnish YleX, from its X-Ryhmä and YleX Tänään programs. Multilingualism within radio broadcasting is investigated from a qualitative and sociolinguistic viewpoint. The study consists of four independent empirical research articles, each tackling the research topic from a slightly different perspective (e.g., language alternation, humor, repertoires, rap flows). This approach is what I call revealing the small pictures of this study. Further, this study investigates some overarching implications and pinpoints general threads and themes of a more holistic big picture of what multilingualism sounds like in the youth radio programs. The focus of the analysis is interactional and functional. The study shows that there are many different kinds of multilingualisms: multilingualism in the late modern world differs from scene to scene. However, speakers and groups have varied kinds of multilingual repertoires at their disposal in different scenes. In addition, different multilingual repertoires are used for various functions and genres, such as entertainment, humor and the expressions of different identities, including expressing music expertise or being a rapper. English is used as resourse in all of these repertoires. The study makes visible multilingual life worlds where global and local features intertwine and where objects and discourse practices are constantly on the move.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.
The copper mines of Michigan's Copper Country, in the Upper Peninsula, were active for 150 years, from 1845 until 1995. Many of the mine workers attempted to unionize, in order to obtain better ...working conditions, wages, and hours.The Michigan miners were unsuccessful in their struggles with mine owners, which came to a climax in the 1913-14 Copper Country Strike. This nine-month battle between workers represented by the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) and the three major mining companies in the region took a particularly nasty turn on Christmas Eve, 1913, at a party for strikers and their families organized by the WFM. As many as 500 people were in the Italian Benevolent Society hall in Calumet, Michigan, when someone reportedly shouted "fire." There was no fire, but it is estimated that 73-79 people, more than 60 of them children, died in the stampede for the exit.Against this dramatic backdrop, Gary Kaunonen tells the story of Finnish immigrants to Copper Country. By examining the written record and material culture of Finnish immigrant proletarians-analyzing buildings, cultural institutions, and publications of the socialist-unionist media-Kaunonen adds a new depth to our understanding of the time and place, the events and a people.
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