Twenty-five years ago, one of the first empirically validated measures of perfectionism, the Frost et al. Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (F-MPS) was published. Since that time, psychometric ...studies of the original F-MPS have provided a plethora of evidence to support the potential development of a shorter yet still psychometrically robust version of the measure. Using confirmatory factor analyses across community and clinical samples, the current study identifies an eight-item F-MPS-Brief with two dimensions (i.e., striving and evaluative concerns) that evidences good internal consistency, measurement equivalence across ethnicities, and concurrent and convergent validity. This new, short version of the F-MPS captures well the bidimensional model of perfectionism that has emerged across studies over the past two decades and is suggested for use when a short yet high-performing assessment tool for this model is desired.
The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is widely used to measure the construct of perfectionism. Previous studies evaluating the factor structure of the FMPS have reported inconsistent ...findings. The study objective was to examine the psychometric properties of proposed four, five, and six factor solutions of the FMPS using Rasch analysis.
Using the responses from a sample of New Zealand athletes and exercisers (n = 425) from a variety of sports, we subjected the dataset to Rasch analysis. The overall and individual item fit, unidimensionality, local independence, and person separation reliability were evaluated by treating factors of each model as subtests.
After disordered thresholds were uniformly rescored, the factor Organisation displayed significant misfit to the model across all three solutions tested. Removal of Organisation and combining two parental facets into one resulted in adequate model fit and good item discrimination ability for all three solutions. The modified six-factor model was the best in terms of reliability, with no differential item functioning and the highest person separation index.
The present results support the psychometric properties and internal structural validity of the rescored FMPS with the parental factors combined and without the Organisation facet. Psychometric properties of the instrument can be further enhanced by using the ordinal-to-interval conversion table presented here, which does not require modification of the original response format. These findings will be of interest in different areas where accurate assessment of the overall perfectionism trait is important and open new avenues for perfectionism research.
The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale or FMPS is one of the first empirically validated measures of perfectionism. Cultural nuances demand that the efficiency of a short version of this ...scale, FMPS - Brief, be tested on an Asian sample. Given the wealth of studies that consistently linked perfectionism to academic achievement, research on the utility of this brief instrument especially with students from a collectivist background is needed. Confirmatory factor analysis of data from a sample of Filipino university students (N = 306) revealed that FMPS-Brief is a reliable and valid measure that can be used in an academic context. Aside from exhibiting the two-factor structure of perfectionism, the scale also displayed good internal consistency and convergent validity with another short version of a commonly used perfectionism measure, the Hewitt and Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. There was also evidence for the measurement invariance of FMPS-Brief across three time points. The brief scale can be used whenever the need for a short but psychometrically sound instrument for perfectionism arises.
Multidimensional models of perfectionism postulate the existence of various perfectionism traits, with different effects on mental health. In order to suggest parsimonious targets in psychological ...interventions for university students, this study aimed to explore
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individual perfectionism traits are uniquely associated with stress and well-being. The participants were 253 students aged 18-30 who completed the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Controlling for the common variance of perfectionism traits in statistical analysis, it was shown that (1) Personal Standards were associated with higher well-being and lower stress, (2) Concern over Mistakes and Doubts about Actions were related to lower well-being and higher stress, (3) Parental Expectations and Parental Criticism were not correlated with stress, and (4) Parental Criticism was associated with lower well-being. In the multi-predictor mediation model, with five perfectionism traits as predictors, perceived stress was a significant mediator between several perfectionism traits (i.e., Personal Standards, Concern over Mistakes, and Doubts about Actions) and well-being. Overall, Personal Standards, Concern over Mistakes, and Doubts about Actions seem to be parsimonious psychological targets, with Personal Standards expressing mental health-promoting effects, whereas Parental Expectations and Parental Criticism seem to be less important psychological targets.
Abstract Background Although perfectionism from a multidimensional perspective has generally been associated with depressive illness, there are not many studies on its role in major depression in the ...postnatal period. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between perfectionism dimensions using the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) and major postpartum depression. Methods One-hundred-twenty-two women with major postpartum depression (SCID-I; DSM-IV) and 115 healthy postpartum women were evaluated using the FMPS, an instrument for the assessment of six perfectionism dimensions: concern over mistakes, personal standards, parental expectations, parental criticism, doubt about actions and organisation. Other variables were also considered: neuroticism, psychiatric history, social support, life events and genotype combinations according to serotonin transporter expression (5-HTTLPR and Stin2 VNTR polymorphisms). Results The prevalence of high - perfectionism was higher in major postpartum depression group than in control group (34% vs. 11%; p < 0.001). Multivariate models confirmed high - perfectionism as an independent factor associated with major postpartum depression. Specifically, the high - concern over mistakes dimension increased over four-fold the odds of major depression in postpartum period. (OR = 4.14; 95% CI = 1.24 – 13.81) Neuroticism, personal psychiatric history and 5-HTT low-expressing genotypes at one of the loci were also identified as independent factors. Conclusions High - perfectionism , and particularly high - concern over mistakes is a personality dimension associated with major postpartum depression. The inclusion of perfectionism assessment, together with others factors, may be considered in order to improve the detection of women at risk of postpartum depression, in whom early intervention may be of benefit.
Perfectionism is a complex multidimensional state with positive and negative outcomes. Research has identified that parents could influence perfectionistic inclinations, which may lead to increased ...levels of anxiety and ultimately lead to maladaptive tendencies. The aim of the study is to explore the role of parents in the experience of perfectionism in South African university music students. A total of 93 BA (Music) and BMus music students from four South African university music departments participated in the quantitative study by completing the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS). The data were analyzed according to the variables of academic institution, type of music degree, academic year of study, gender, home language, and main instrument. The results showed significant differences in BA (Music) students who scored significantly higher than the BMus students in the dimensions Parental Expectations and Parental Criticism, along with students from the African language group. The study provides valuable insight into the perfectionistic trends of South African undergraduate music students, with particular emphasis on the parental dimensions of perfectionism.
The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is a widely used measure of perfectionism. Previous studies of the nature of the factors of the FMPS have resulted in mixed findings and have ...failed to identify a stable factor structure. This study investigated the factor structure of the FMPS using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), addressing previous methodological limitations. Participants were 6,449 students from two Australian universities. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a five-factor model and a reduction in variables from 35 to 29 (FMPS-29). CFA demonstrated goodness of fit of the revised measure. We also compared our model with a number of existing measurement models of perfection and found the proposed model provided a superior fit for this university student population. Support was found for the two second-order constructs commonly referred to as adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism, although there appears to be little benefit in using this model over the first-order model. Implications of the findings are discussed.
The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS; Frost, Marten, Lahart & Rosenblate, 1990) provides six subscales for a multidimensional assessment of perfectionism: Concern over Mistakes (CM), ...Personal Standards (PS), Parental Expectations (PE), Parental Criticism (PC), Doubts about actions (D), and Organization (O). Despite its increasing popularity in personality and clinical research, the FMPS has also drawn some criticism for its factorial instability across samples. The present article argues that this instability may be due to an overextraction of components. Whereas all previous analyses presented six-factor solutions for the FMPS items, a reanalysis with Horn's parallel analysis suggested only four or five underlying factors. To investigate the nature of these factors, item responses from
N = 243 participants were subjected to principal component analysis. Again, parallel analysis retained only four components. Varimax rotation replicated PS and O as separate factors, whereas combining CM with D as well as PE with PC. Consequently, the present article suggests a reduction to four (instead of six) FMPS subscales. Differential correlations with anxiety, depression, parental representations and action tendencies underscore the advantage of this solution.
This study with 213 South Korean college students (113 men) examined the cross-cultural generalizability of (a) the factor structure of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (F-MPS) and (b) ...the existence of adaptive perfectionists, maladaptive perfectionists, and nonperfectionists. A confirmatory factor analysis did not support the original six-factor model of the F-MPS with 35 items. Subsequently, an exploratory factor analysis along with parallel analysis suggests five factors in Korea: Concern Over Mistakes, Organization, Parental High Standards, Personal Standards, and Doubts About Actions. Notably, Parental Expectations and Parental Criticism in the original F-MPS were subsumed under one factor, Parental High Standards. A cluster analysis results provides additional support for the existence of the three groups. Cultural implications are discussed.
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