We develop an equilibrium theory of trade agreements in which both the
degree and the
nature (bilateral or multilateral) of trade liberalization are endogenously determined. To determine whether and ...how bilateralism matters, we also analyze a scenario where countries pursue trade liberalization on only a multilateral basis. We find that when countries have asymmetric endowments or when governments value producer interests more than tariff revenue and consumer surplus, there exist circumstances where global free trade is a stable equilibrium only if countries are free to pursue bilateral trade agreements. By contrast, under symmetry, both bilateralism and multilateralism yield global free trade.
Antidumping and retaliation threats Blonigen, Bruce A; Bown, Chad P
Journal of international economics,
08/2003, Letnik:
60, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We propose and test two ways in which retaliation threats may dampen the antidumping (AD) activity we observe. First, the threat of retaliatory AD actions may make a domestic industry less likely to ...name a foreign import source in an AD petition. Second, the prospect of a GATT/WTO trade dispute may make government agencies less likely to rule positive in their AD decision. Using a nested logit framework, we find evidence that both retaliation threats substantially affect US AD activity from 1980 through 1998.
L'invocation par les États membres de ^'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) de l'exception de sécurité prévue par l'Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) de 1994 constitue ...l'un des enjeux les plus pressants au sein de l'Organe de reglement des différends (ORD). La conclusion du Groupe spécial dans l'affaire Russie - Trafic en transit constitue une premiere interprétation de cette mesure d'exception prévue a l'article XXI du GATT, dont la portée met en relief le délicat équilibre entre la libéralisation du commerce international et celui de la protection des intérets essentiels de sécurité. Compte tenu notamment de l'invocation répétée de cette exception dans des contentieux en lien avec l'acier et l'aluminium, opposant les États-Unis a sept autres membres, ce premier jalon interprétatif doit etre étudié dans sa dimension politique. Il s'agit en effet d'un moyen pour le Groupe spécial de favoriser la stabilité et l'effectivité du systeme, et ce en refusant aux membres invoquant l'article XXI une pleine autonomie de jugement. L'importance du rapport du Groupe spécial réside dans sa co nstruction visant a limiter un recours abusif a l'exception de sécurité de la part des membres dans un contexte d'instabilité internationale. Afin de bien apprécier la portée de ce rapport, le présent article propose trois analyses. Dans un premier temps, un retour sur les arguments des parties et des tierces parties dans l'affaire Russie - Trafic en transit permettra de contextualiser les conclusions du Groupe spécial pour traiter, dans un second temps, de la politique interprétative propre a l'ORD. Finalement, les notions d'activisme judiciaire et de la charge persuasive du rapport sont examinées a l'aune des différends en cours dans lesquels l'exception de sécurité a été invoquée. Cet exposé doit permettre d'appréhender la question des exceptions de sécurité dans le contexte plus global des défis auquel est confrontée aujourd'hui l'OMC, notamment en lien avec la paralysie de l'Organe d'appel a compter du 11 décembre 2019.
Purpose: The paper aims, from an African perspective, to investigate the practice of inconsistent custom duty valuations experienced by related MNEs and to explore the impact this may have on MNEs.
...Design/Methodology/Approach: Perceptions from industry experts from various African countries were sought by means of a questionnaire and supplemental literature was reviewed with a view to address the stated objectives.
Findings: The main findings point to custom officials’ lack of knowledge of transfer pricing principles, possible corruption by custom officials and custom authorities keeping reference prices. The impact on MNEs appear to mainly relate to additional costs in the form of storage, consignment seizure, and lengthy court battles.
Implications/Originality/Value: Strategies to address challenges arising in custom valuations suggest training of customs officials, coordination and exchange of information between relevant departments within the revenue authority and making use of advanced pricing agreements.
To describe our experience of Gonioscopy-Assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy (GATT) in four eyes with infantile primary congenital glaucoma (PCG).
We report the first two GATT procedures performed in ...six-month-old infants with PCG. We also report the same procedure in two eyes of a two-year-old boy with PCG who had previous goniotomies with subsequent peripheral anterior synechiae formation. In all four eyes, the IOP remained under 20 mmHg at years three and four postoperatively, without glaucoma medication or conjunctival surgery.
Our cases confirm that GATT is an alternative to traditional ab externo glaucoma surgery in PCG and can be successfully performed within the first months of life, or in infants with failed or partially functioning goniotomies, avoiding the need for invasive conjunctival or scleral surgery.
The WTO trade effect Chang, Pao-Li; Lee, Myoung-Jae
Journal of international economics,
09/2011, Letnik:
85, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper re-examines the GATT/WTO membership effect on bilateral trade flows, using nonparametric methods including pair-matching, permutation tests, and a Rosenbaum (2002) sensitivity analysis. ...Together, these methods provide an estimation framework that is robust to misspecification bias, allows general forms of heterogeneous membership effects, and addresses potential hidden selection bias. This is in contrast to most conventional parametric studies on this issue. Our results suggest large GATT/WTO trade-promoting effects that are robust to various restricted matching criteria, alternative GATT/WTO indicators, non-random incidence of positive trade flows, inclusion of multilateral resistance terms, and different matching methodologies.
► This paper re-examines the GATT/WTO membership effect on bilateral trade flows, using nonparametric methods. ► The nonparametric methods used include pair-matching, permutation tests, and a Rosenbaum (2002) sensitivity analysis. ► This estimation framework is robust to misspecification bias, allows general forms of heterogeneous membership effects, and addresses potential selection bias. ► Our results suggest large GATT/WTO trade-promoting effects. ► The finding is robust to various matching criteria/methodologies, alternative GATT/WTO indicators, zero trade flows, and multilateral trade resistance.
Purpose
This study aims to report on outcomes of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in eyes with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).
Methods
This study is a prospective, ...interventional, non-comparative case series. A total of 103 eyes from 88 patients with PACG underwent an ab interno trabeculotomy, using either a 5.0 polypropylene suture or an illuminated microcatheter, with up to 24 months of follow-up. The main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), number of antiglaucoma medications, success rate (IOP reduction ≥ 20% from baseline or IOP between 6 and 21 mmHg, without further glaucoma surgery) and complication rate.
Results
The mean preoperative IOP was 21.4 (SD 7.4) mmHg using 2.5 (SD 1.1) glaucoma medications. These decreased postoperatively to 12.1 (SD 2.4) mmHg and 0.8 (SD 1.2) medications, at 24 months (
P
< 0.05). Success rate was 78% at 24 months of follow-up, and complication rate was 4.8%.
Conclusion
At 24 months of follow-up, our results for GATT in PACG demonstrate that this procedure effectively lowers IOP in this subtype of glaucoma, with a low complication rate.
The flow of foreign direct investment into developing countries varies greatly across countries and over time. The political factors that affect these flows are not well understood. Focusing on the ...relationship between trade and investment, we argue that international trade agreements-GATT/WTO and preferential trade agreements (PTAs)-provide mechanisms for making commitments to foreign investors about the treatment of their assets, thus reassuring investors and increasing investment. These international commitments are more credible than domestic policy choices, because reneging on them is more costly. Statistical analyses for 122 developing countries from 1970 to 2000 support this argument. Developing countries that belong to the WTO and participate in more PTAs experience greater FDI inflows than otherwise, controlling for many factors including domestic policy preferences and taking into account possible endogeneity. Joining international trade agreements allows developing countries to attract more FDI and thus increase economic growth.
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