The investigation of the composition, antioxidant activity of blueberry anthocyanins (BA) and the effects on human intestinal microbiota were carried out. The separation of anthocyanins from ...blueberry (Vaccinum sp.) was performed by liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS2). 14 anthocyanins were tentatively identified and their concentration was determined. Among them, malvidin-3-O-glucoside was the main anthocyanin species, followed by malvidin-3-O-galactoside and petunidin-3-O-glucoside, they accounted for 44.81% of the total anthocyanins in blueberry extract. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS• +, FRAP, reducing power and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. The result showed that the EC50 value of BA by ABTS•+assay was lower than the data obtained by DPPH assay, which was 14.99 μg/mL and 26.48 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the impact of BA on human intestinal microbiota were analyzed by high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The results demonstrated that BA have impact on the microbial diversity. They could increase the relative abundances of some certain communities including Bifidobacterium spp. Our findings suggest that blueberry and blueberry extracts consumption could exert prebiotic activity which are associated with health benefits.
•Malvidin-3-O-glucoside was the main blueberry anthocyanin species.•The antioxidant activities were evaluated by five assays.•High throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis was applied.•Blueberry anthocyanins increased the number of Bifidobacterium.
Arsenolipids are the major arsenic species present in marine oils. Several structures of arsenolipids have been elucidated the last 5 years, demonstrating the chemical complexity of this trace ...element in the marine environment. Several commercial fish oils and marine oils, ranging in total arsenic concentrations from 1.6 to 12.5mgkg−1 oil, were analyzed for arsenolipids using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC–ICP-MS). The arsenolipids were quantified using three different arsenic-containing calibration standards; dimethylarsinate (DMA), triphenylarsinoxide (Ph3AsO) and a synthesized arsenic-containing hydrocarbon (AsHC) (dimethylarsinoyl nonadecane; C21H43AsO). The observed variation in signal intensity for arsenic during the gradient elution profile in reversed-phase HPLC was compensated for by determining the time-resolved response factors for the arsenolipids. Isotopes of germanium (74Ge) and indium (115In) were suited as internal standards for arsenic, and were used for verification of the arsenic signal response factors during the gradient elution. Dimethylarsinate was the most suitable calibration standard for the quantification of arsenolipids, with recoveries between 91% and 104% compared to total arsenic measurements in the same extracts. A range of marine oils was investigated, including oils of several fish species, cod liver and seal, as well as three commercial fish oils. The AsHCs – C17H38AsO, C19H42AsO and C23H38AsO – were identified as the major arsenolipids in the extracts of all oils by HPLC coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (qTOF-MS). Minor amounts of two arsenic-containing fatty acids (AsFAs) (C23H38AsO3 and C24H38AsO3) were also detected in the oils. The sum of the AsHCs and the AsFAs determined in the present study accounted for 17–42% of the total arsenic in the oils.
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•Marine oils were analyzed for arsenolipids using reversed-phase HPLC–ICP-MS.•The chemical structures of the compounds were identified using HPLC–qTOF-MS.•The three major arsenolipids were arsenic-containing hydrocarbons.•Two minor compounds were arsenic-containing fatty acids.•The compounds were quantified by a single-compound calibration approach with DMA.
Introduction
Organic molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors are known as cannabinoids. These molecules possess pharmacological properties similar to those produced by Cannabis sativa L. ...High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, also known as ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography, UHPLC) have become the most widely used analytical tools for detection and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) are usually coupled to an ultraviolet (UV), photodiode array (PDA), or mass spectrometric (MS) detector.
Objective
To critically appraise the literature on the application of HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published from January 2020 to December 2023.
Methodology
An extensive literature search was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar and published materials including relevant books. In various combinations, using cannabinoid in all combinations, cannabis, hemp, hashish, C. sativa, marijuana, analysis, HPLC, UHPLC, UPLC, and quantitative, qualitative, and quality control were used as the keywords for the literature search.
Results
Several HPLC‐ and UPLC (or UHPLC)‐based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids were reported. While simple HPLC‐UV or HPLC‐PDA‐based methods were common, the use of HPLC‐MS, HPLC‐MS/MS, UPLC (or UHPLC)‐PDA, UPLC (or UHPLC)‐MS, and UPLC (or UHPLC)‐MS/MS was also reported. Applications of mathematical and computational models for optimization of protocols were noted. Pre‐analyses included various environmentally friendly extraction protocols.
Conclusion
During the last 4 years, HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) remained the main analytical tools for phytocannabinoid analysis in different matrices.
HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) are versatile analytical tools for the analysis of phytocannabinoids. This review critically appraises the literature on the application of HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published from January 2020 to December 2023. During this period, HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) remained the main analytical tools for phytocannabinoid analysis. Applications of mathematical and computational models for optimization of protocols were noted. Pre‐analyses included various environmentally friendly extraction protocols.
The recycling and revalorization of wastes from the agri-food industry (AFI) have emerged in the scientific scenario as a multidisciplinary working field in the framework of the circular bioeconomy. ...Residues and side materials from AFI result in a great source of raw products with increasing social and economic impact. In this regard, phenolic compounds are possibly the most relevant group of phytochemicals from AFI wastes because of their multiple healthy properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and antibacterial activities. Among other sources, olive oil, winemaking, and fruit and vegetable juice wastes have been considered to assess their revalorization. The paper reviews the recovery and characterization of AFI waste extracts to generate by-products rich in polyphenols for chemical, nutraceutical, and food science applications. Polyphenols are recovered from AFI waste by solvent extraction with conventional and advanced techniques. The resulting extracts are complex, and the major phenolic compounds should be identified and quantified. The profiling of analytes such as proanthocyanins, curcuminoids, resveratrol derivatives, caffeic acids, and oleuropein is often performed by liquid chromatography with UV/Vis or fluorescence detection. Additionally, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is the technique of choice for the unambiguous identification of target compounds and structural elucidation of new and unknown molecules. Complementarily, the antioxidant activity of the extracts can be determined using spectrophotometric assays.
A broad range of anthocyanins (glycosides of cyanidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, delphinidin, malvidin, and petunidin) was identified and quantified in the fruit of 24 wild and cultivated berry species ...using HPLC-DAD-MS2. The anthocyanin composition in species of Ribes, Rubus, Vaccinium, and Fragaria genus as well as in less known species of Crataegus, Morus, Amelanchier, Sorbus, Sambucus and Aronia genus was determined. Cyanidin was the most commonly occurring anthocyanidin, meanwhile malvidin glycosides were only detected in blueberries. Glycosides of pelargonidin were detected in raspberries, strawberry, black mulberry and chokeberry. Peonidin glycosides were identified in hawthorn, black currant and gooseberry as well as in blueberry species. The richest species in the content of peonidin glycosides were blueberries. Delphinidin glycosides were the prevailing form of anthocyanins in black currant and bilberry. The highest total anthocyanin content was determined in dark colored fruit of cultivated elderberry and bilberry whereas light-colored dog rose and Chinese hawthorn fruit had the lowest anthocyanin content. The composition of anthocyanidin glycosides did not differ between the fruit of wild growing and cultivated species, but their contents were generally different.
•First time detailed HPLC-MS anthocyanin profile for many species was reported.•Berry species varied in the number of aglycones and attached sugars.•Cyanidin glycosides were by far the prevailing group among berry anthocyanins.•Red fruits contained cyanidin glycosides, dark ones more delphinidin glycosides.•Cultivated elderberry and bilberry fruit had the highest total anthocyanin content.
Eight tocochromanols (α, β, γ, and δ homologues of tocopherol and tocotrienol) naturally occurring in foods were successfully separated within a 13‐min run in the RP‐HPLC mode. Analytes were ...separated on the Phenomenex Luna PFP column filled with the pentafluorophenyl stationary phase (3 µm, 150 mm × 4.6 mm) using the mobile phase containing methanol:water (93:7 v/v) with an elution flow rate of 1 ml/min and column oven temperature of 40°C. The method was rapid, linear, accurate, and precise with detection limits in the range of 0.000184–0.000605 µg, preventing analyte losses due direct dissolution in 2‐propanol. The developed RP‐HPLC method in comparison with the NP‐HPLC mode had a significantly higher sensitivity, speed, and repeatability, but primarily it protected against the loss of analytes and thus reduced the risk of possible error measurements. It was found that tocopherol contents in the tested butter samples amounted to 2.00–16.92 mg/100 g for samples coming from Poland and 2.61–2.98 mg/100 g for samples from Latvia, respectively. The method is characterized by simplicity of implementation and it was successfully applied in the determination of tocochromanols in butter to verify product authenticity. Practical applications: To ensure consumers' protection, food products should be subject to continuous quality and authenticity control. One way to determine butter authenticity is to analyze native tocochromanol contents. This paper describes a simple and fast method determine plant oils added to milk fat with the use of RP‐HPLC techniques. Eight tocochromanols (α, β, γ, and δ homologues of tocopherol and tocotrienol) naturally occurring in foods were successfully separated within by RP‐HPLC. The method is rapid, linear, accurate, and precise with detection limits in the range of 0.184–0.605 μg. The method was successfully applied to determine tocochromanols in butter to verify product authenticity.
Here, we report a novel endonuclease and N6-adenine DNA methyltransferase (m6A methyltransferase) in the Ureaplasma parvum SV3F4 strain. Our previous study found that the SV3F4 strain carries 17 ...unique genes, which are not encoded in the two previously reported U. parvum serovar 3 strain, OMC-P162 and ATCC 700970. Of these 17 unique genes, UP3_c0261 and UP3_c0262, were originally annotated as encoding hypothetical proteins. Comparative genomics analyses more recently indicated they encode a Type II restriction endonuclease and an m6A methyltransferase, respectively. The UP3_c0261 and UP3_c0262 genes were individually expressed and purified in Escherichia coli. The UP3_c0261 recombinant protein showed endonuclease activity on the pT7Blue vector, recognizing and cleaving a GTNAC motif, resulting in a 5 base 5’ extension. The UP3_c0261 protein digested a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product harboring the GTNAC motif. The endonuclease UP3_c0261 was designated as UpaF4I. Treatment of the PCR product with the recombinant protein UP3_c0262 completely blocked the restriction enzyme activity of UpaF4I. Analysis of the treated PCR product harboring a modified nucleotide by UP3_c0262 with HPLC-MS/MS and MS/MS showed that UP3_c0262 was an m6A methyltransferase containing a methylated A residue in both DNA strands of the GTNAC motif. Whole genome methylation analysis of SV3F4 showed that 99.9 % of the GTNAC motif was m6A modified. These results suggest the UP3_c0261 and UP3_c0262 genes may act as a novel Type II restriction-modification system in the Ureaplasma SV3F4 strain.
•UP3_c0261 protein is a Type II endonuclease, designated as UpaF4I.•UpaF4I recognized the ↓GTNAC↑ motif, resulting in a 5 base 5’ extension.•UP3_c0262 completely blocked UpaF4I restriction enzyme activity.•UP3_c0262 protein (M.UpaF4I) is an m6A DNA methyltransferase.
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