Antioxidants can be extracted from various seaweeds as natural ingredients for use in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The composition and structure of polysaccharides extracted from four green ...seaweeds: Ulva lactuca (UL), Halimeda opuntia (HO), Caulerpa racemosa (CR) and Chaetomorpha antennina (CA) were correlated with their antioxidant activities. Crude extracts were characterized by NMR (1H and 13C), HP-SEC, HPAEC-PAD and FTIR spectroscopy. Extracted polysaccharides were assayed spectrophotometrically for their total sugar, sulfate, phenolic and protein contents. The antioxidant capacities of each fractionated polysaccharide sample were evaluated by five methods, i.e., ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), ferric-reducing power in FRAP (Ferric-reducing Antioxidant Power), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging capacity assay. All polysaccharides had molecular weights (MW) under 1000 kDa, with HO having the lowest MW (<100 kDa). Polysaccharide extracts of UL (i.e., l-iduronic acid, 1,4-linked α-l-rhamnose, β-d-glucuronic acid) and CA were promising sources of antioxidants. The highest antioxidant capacity was measured in extracts from CA-2B (52.1 ± 0.9 μg/mL) using the ABTS assay, while CR-1B exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in both the FRAP (303.7 ± 8.2 μm/mL) and OH (28.4 ± 0.8%) assays. Taken together, useful insights were gained into the potential health benefits of selected green seaweed polysaccharides (i.e., ulvans, sulfated or/and pyruvylated β-d-galactans and sulfated xyloarabinogalactan) for applications in the pharmaceutical, food and biotechnology industries.
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•Ulva lactuca yielded the highest polysaccharide extract among four green seaweeds.•High amounts of sulfates were obtained via cold-extracted Caulerpa recemosa.•Caulerpa racemosa and Chaetomorpha antennina polysaccharides were notable sources of antioxidants.•Halimeda opuntia sulfated or/and pyruvylated β-d-galactans had lowest antioxidant activity.•Cold and hot extraction impacted polysaccharide structure and associated biological activity.
The objective of the study was to assess the phytoremediation potential in two remineralized soils contaminated with sulfentrazone. Two soil types were evaluated: Oxisol (clayey) and Inceptisol ...(sandy loam), in pots, with and without the incorporation of the rock powder, at rates of 0, 4, and 8 t ha−1. Following this, sulfentrazone was applied at rates of 200, 400, 600, and 800 g a. i. ha−1, in addition to the control treatment without herbicide application, followed by the sowing of Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean). Injury level (IL) was assessed at 42 days after emergence (DAE), and biometric evaluations of the phytoremediating species were conducted at 70 and 120 DAE in the Oxisol and Inceptisol, respectively, for the following variables: height (HT), diameter (DM), trifoliate leaf number (TN), leaf area (LA), above-ground dry biomass (DB), and root dry biomass (RDB). At the end of the phytoremediation experiment, the soils were analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and with Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) as a bioindicator to verify the residue of sulfentrazone. IL and DB assessments of the bioindicator species were conducted at 21 DAE. In both soils, higher herbicide rates (600 and 800 g a. i. ha−1) resulted in greater IL and reduced HT, LA, DB, and RDB of the phytoremediating species. C. ensiformis reduced the sulfentrazone residues in the soils. Although it did not directly influence phytoremediation, the rock powder improved soil fertility. In conclusion, C. ensiformis has the potential for effective phytoremediation of soils contaminated with sulfentrazone, providing safety for cultivating sensitive crops and benefiting the environment.
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•The remineralizer acted positively on soil fertility.•Canavalia ensiformis is capable of phytoremediating soils contaminated by sulfentrazone.•More than 88% of the sulfentrazone applied was reduced in both soils.
•A total of 211 phytochemicals have been characterised in sumac by HPLC–DAD/QTOF-MS.•Tentative suggestion of the presence of phenolic-malic acid conjugate compounds in sumac.•One hundred and ...eighty-one (181) new compounds are reported in R. coriaria fruits for the first time.•The obtained results highlight sumac as an abundant source of phenolic components, mainly, hydrolysable tannins.
Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is an important crop widely used in the Mediterranean basin as a food spice, and also in folk medicine, due to its health-promoting properties. Phytochemicals present in plant foods are in part responsible for these consequent health benefits. Nevertheless, detailed information on these bioactive compounds is still scarce. Therefore, the present work was aimed at investigating the phytochemical components of sumac fruit epicarp using HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS/MS in two different ionisation modes. The proposed method provided tentative identification of 211 phenolic and other phyto-constituents, most of which have not been described so far in R. coriaria fruits. More than 180 phytochemicals (tannins, (iso)flavonoids, terpenoids, etc.) are reported herein in sumac fruits for the first time. The obtained results highlight the importance of R. coriaria as a promising source of functional ingredients, and boost its potential use in the food and nutraceutical industries.
In this paper, we present a new alkaline mild extraction technique of madder dyes in lake and textile, based on the use of ammonia, in association with disodium EDTA. This method was developed in ...order to preserve the glycoside compounds fixed on the fiber or present in the lake. This new methodology was performed on samples of dyed textile and lake, prepared following the ancient recipes. At first, the extracts, obtained from these samples, were analyzed and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR (DOSY) and ESI-MS. In the second step, we evaluated the applicability and the efficiency of extraction on real samples of 1mg, analyzed by HPLC–DAD and HPLC–MS. These analyses allow us to recognize the signals, referable to glycoside compounds, also in 1mg samples. The new proposed method was compared with a commonly applied mild extraction method reported in literature (DMF–Na2EDTA method). Finally, the results obtained from the different analytical techniques applied allow us to conclude that the ammonia extracts of madder dyed yarn and lake are mainly composed of glycosylated anthraquinones, according to literature.
•New alkaline mild extraction technique of madder dyes, using ammonia–EDTA•Extractions with ammonia on reference samples, prepared following ancient recipes•This technique preserves the glycosylated compounds, avoiding hydrolysis.
Photoallergy test of cosmetics and several types of pharmaceutical substances is often necessary for obtaining approval from authorities. However, there are no official test guidelines for ...photoallergy evaluation. Therefore, we tried to establish a photoallergy test by utilizing an in chemico alternative sensitization method, amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA). To determine the criteria for judging the photoallergy potential, photo‐ADRA with or without photoirradiation was performed using 60 photoallergenic chemicals, and cysteine and lysine derivatives were detected using high‐performance liquid chromatography either by absorbance or fluorescence measurement. The accuracy of prediction was 81.4% (48 of 59) and 80.0% (48 of 60) using the absorbance and fluorescence methods, respectively. However, as chemicals can breakdown into multiple chemicals during photoirradiation, the absorbance method often cannot perform accurate detection due to co‐elution, whereas the fluorescence method can do this due to lack of co‐elution. Moreover, all eight chemicals that were found to be negative or false‐positive for photoirritation in the 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test were confirmed as positive for photoallergy using this method. Furthermore, we prepared three types of pseudo‐mixtures where we added one photoallergen along with five nonphotoallergens and performed the photo‐ADRA by the ultraviolet and fluorescence methods. The result of the fluorescence method was almost the same as that obtained with the use of a single photoallergen and hence the outcome was not affected by the mixture. Thus, this study not only showed a method of evaluating the photoallergy potential of a single chemical but also a mixture, making it useful as an in chemico photoallergy alternative test.
To determine the criteria for judging the photoallergy potential, photo‐amino acid derivative reactivity assay (photo‐ADRA) with or without photoirradiation was performed using 60 photoallergenic chemicals and N‐(2‐(1‐naphthyl)acetyl)‐l‐cysteine/α‐N‐(2‐(1‐naphthyl)acetyl)‐l‐lysine were detected using high‐performance liquid chromatography either by absorbance or fluorescence. The result of the fluorescence method was almost the same as that obtained with the use of a single photoallergen and hence the outcome was not affected by the mixture. This study showed that the method of photo‐ADRA could evaluate the photoallergy potential of both single chemical and mixtures.
The inhibition action of Aloe Vera leaf extract as environmentally friendly inhibitor for the corrosion protection of stainless steel in 1M H2SO4 solution was studied by electrochemical techniques as ...well as scanning electron microscope. The results of linear polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy proved the effectiveness of Aloe Vera extract as concentration increased. Corrosion inhibition of Aloe extract was also studied by electrochemical noise (EN). Employing EN, different aspects like transient analysis, noise resistant and characteristic charge were characterized. Moreover, a literature review of Aloe Vera characterization using high-performance liquid chromatography and GC-MS was carried out.
In the present study, the ethanolic extracts of fourteen edible mushrooms were investigated for their anti-inflammatory potential in LPS (lipopolysaccharide) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. ...Furthermore the extracts were chemically characterized in terms of phenolic acids and related compounds. The identified molecules (p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and cinnamic acids) and their glucuronated and methylated derivatives obtained by chemical synthesis were also evaluated for the same bioactivity, in order to establish structure–activity relationships and to comprehend the effects of in vivo metabolism reactions in the activity of the compounds. The extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus, Macrolepiota procera, Boletus impolitus and Agaricus bisporus revealed the strongest anti-inflammatory potential (EC50 values 96±1 to 190±6μg/mL), and also the highest concentration of cinnamic acid (656 to 156μg/g), which was also the individual compound with the highest anti-inflammatory activity. The derivatives of p-coumaric acid revealed the strongest properties, specially the derivative methylated in the carboxylic group (CoA-M1) that exhibited similar activity to the one showed by dexamethasone used as anti-inflammatory standard; by contrast, the derivatives of p-hydroxybenzoic revealed the lowest inhibition of NO production. All in all, whereas the conjugation reactions change the chemical structure of phenolic acids and may increase or decrease their activity, the glucuronated and methylated derivatives of the studied compounds are still displaying anti-inflammatory activity.
•Cinnamic acid is important in the anti-inflammatory activity of mushroom extracts.•p-Coumaric acid methylated in the carboxylic group was better than dexamethasone.•Glucuronated and methylated derivatives are still displaying anti-inflammatory activity.
This work aimed to unravel the retention mechanisms of 30 structurally different flavonoids separated on three chromatographic columns: conventional Kinetex C18 (K-C18), Kinetex F5 (K-F5), and ...IAM.PC.DD2. Interactions between analytes and chromatographic phases governing the retention were analyzed and mechanistically interpreted via quantum chemical descriptors as compared to the typical 'black box' approach. Statistically significant consensus genetic algorithm-partial least squares (GA-PLS) quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) models were built and comprehensively validated. Results showed that for the K-C18 column, hydrophobicity and solvent effects were dominating, whereas electrostatic interactions were less pronounced. Similarly, for the K-F5 column, hydrophobicity, dispersion effects, and electrostatic interactions were found to be governing the retention of flavonoids. Conversely, besides hydrophobic forces and dispersion effects, electrostatic interactions were found to be dominating the IAM.PC.DD2 retention mechanism. As such, the developed approach has a great potential for gaining insights into biological activity upon analysis of interactions between analytes and stationary phases imitating molecular targets, giving rise to an exceptional alternative to existing methods lacking exhaustive interpretations.
Carrot (
Daucus carota) shoots were enriched by selenium using foliar application. Solutions of sodium selenite or sodium selenate at 10 and 100
μg
Se
ml
−1, were sprayed on the carrot leaves and the ...selenium content and uptake rate of selenium were estimated by ICP–MS analysis. Anion and cation exchange HPLC were tailored to and applied for the separation of selenium species in proteolytic extracts of the biological tissues using detection by ICP–MS or ESI–MS/MS. Foliar application of solutions of selenite or selenate at 100
μg
Se
ml
−1 resulted in a selenium concentration of up to 2
μg
Se
g
−1 (dry mass) in the carrot root whereas the selenium concentration in the controls was below the limit of detection at 0.045
μg
Se
g
−1 (dry mass). Selenate-enriched carrot leaves accumulated as much as 80
μg
Se
g
−1 (dry mass), while the selenite-enriched leaves contained approximately 50
μg
Se
g
−1 (dry mass). The speciation analyses showed that inorganic selenium was present in both roots and leaves. The predominant metabolised organic forms of selenium in the roots were selenomethionine and γ-glutamyl-selenomethyl-selenocysteine, regardless of which of the inorganic species were used for foliar application. Only selenomethionine was detected in the carrot leaves. The identity of selenomethionine contained in carrot roots and leaves was successfully confirmed by HPLC–ESI–MS/MS.
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