A brief history is given of research into natural ventilation over the first fifty years of the Journal, from the personal perspective of the author. One of my aims is to give an indication of the ...contribution that the Journal has made to reporting research on this subject. Another aim is to provide a background for researchers who are starting out in research. There are nine areas of research that I have identified, namely:- steady envelope flow models; flow characteristics of openings; unsteady envelope flow models; internal air motion, zonal models and stratification; contaminant transport; age of air; CFD and its applications; scale modelling; full-scale measurements. For reasons given in the text, some of these topics are only very briefly mentioned. For example, the sections on contaminant transport and CFD are relatively brief, partly because they are the subject of other papers in this issue. (Similarly, the feasibility of natural ventilation relies on the adaptability of the occupants to be comfortable, but thermal comfort is not covered at all here, because it too is the subject of other papers.) The paper concludes with a few personal comments on the design process, since the underlying aim of research is to minimise the risks associated with naturally ventilated buildings.
•Historical review of natural ventilation research over past 50 years.•Emphasises the contribution made to research literature by Building and Environment.•Identifies major developments and reasons for changes in research emphasis.
The present contribution contains previously unpublished letters by Clara Haber's contemporaries Edith Hahn and Lise Meitner that were written within two weeks of Clara Haber′s tragic suicide. It ...also contains a commentary about the circumstances of obtaining these letters as well as notes concerning their interpretation.
The element lithium has been discovered 200 years ago. Due to its unique properties it has emerged to play a vital role in industry, esp. for energy storage, and lithium‐based products and processes ...support sustainable technological developments. In addition to the many uses of lithium in its inorganic forms, lithium has a rich organometallic chemistry. The development of organometallic chemistry has been hindered by synthetic problems from the start. When Wilhelm Schlenk developed the basic principles to handle and synthesize air‐ and moisture‐sensitive compounds, the road was open to further developments. After more information was available about the stability and solubility of such compounds, they started to play an essential role in other fields of chemistry as alkyl or aryl transfer reagents.
Objective
To understand the role of a single laryngologist, Andrew Heermance Smith, in elucidating the mechanisms of Caisson Disease and controlling it effects on bridge workers.
Data Sources
...Scientific and lay publications, letters and records of the Roebling family, obituaries and internet sources.
Review Methods
Historical review.
Results
AH Smith combined physiological observations and experiments in the Brooklyn Bridge caissons with a review of the existing engineering and medical literature to describe the Caisson Disease and to devise strategies to ameliorate its effects.
Conclusion
Despite an incorrect conclusion about the pathophysiology of decompression sickness, Smith's stringent standards and timely interventions allow completion of the masonry towers of the Brooklyn Bridge.
Level of Evidence
NA Laryngoscope, 134:3044–3048, 2024
Andrew Heermance Smith, an early laryngologist, combined physiological observations and experiments in the Brooklyn Bridge caissons with a review of the existing engineering and medical literature to describe the Caisson Disease and to devise strategies to ameliorate its effects.
The contested concept of social entrepreneurship has gained particular prominence in academic literature over the last few decades. To explore how patterns of understandings relating to social ...entrepreneurship have emerged and shifted over time, we undertook a critical historical review focusing on the most highly cited social entrepreneurship articles in each of five time periods over the last 30 years. We identify four thematic areas—conceptualization, theoretical approaches, the search for data, and social change outcomes—characteristic of each period, allowing us to plot the terrain of social entrepreneurship scholarship over time. We show how patterns emerge across these themes over time and relate our analysis to wider developments in the field. In concluding, we discuss how the concept has been theoretically and conceptually enriched by an ability to accommodate critique.
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