Background Under saline conditions, Suaeda salsa, as a typical halophyte, accumulates large amounts of Na.sup.+ in its leaves during optimal growth. Key transporters involved in Na.sup.+ accumulation ...in plants are HKT-type protein, the plasma membrane Na.sup.+/H.sup.+ transporter SOS1, and the tonoplast Na.sup.+/H.sup.+ antiporter NHX1. In this study, the function of SsHKT1;1 and its coordinate expression with SsSOS1 and SsNHX1 to regulate Na.sup.+ homeostasis in S. salsa was investigated. Results We showed, by yeast complementation assays, that SsHKT1;1 encoded a Na.sup.+-selective transporter, which located to the plasma membrane and was preferentially expressed within the stele, and was particularly abundant in xylem parenchyma and pericycle cells. When compared with a treatment of 25 mM NaCl, 150 mM NaCl greatly decreased the transcripts of SsHKT1;1, but maintained a relatively constant level of the expression of SsSOS1 in roots. Consequently, the synergistic effect of SsHKT1;1 and SsSOS1 would result in greater Na.sup.+ loading into the xylem under 150 mM NaCl than 25 mM NaCl. In leaves, 150 mM NaCl up-regulated the abundance of SsNHX1 compared with levels in 25 mM NaCl. This enabled the permanent sequestering of Na.sup.+ into leaf vacuoles. Conclusions Overall, SsHKT1;1 functioned in reducing Na.sup.+ retrieval from the root xylem, and played an important role in coordinating with SsSOS1 and SsNHX1 to maintain Na.sup.+ accumulation in S. salsa under saline conditions.
In sport psychology, the use of biofeedback (BFB) is increasingly frequent, a noninvasive experimental procedure that allows the person to regulate their psychobiological functions and helps to ...become aware of internal processes that are not consciously controlled. Based on this, a new method was devised, PowerMens, which for the first time investigates these concepts integrated with specific training on visual attention. The subjects were 20 professional youth football players, divided into experimental and control groups. The research was conducted in pretest, training, and posttest, where the pre- and posttest consisted of a stress attention task. The experimental group conducted the BFB PowerMens training which integrates the BFB with Mental Games software promoting the control of the arousal level and the restoration of homeostasis. The aim of this research was to examine the psychophysiological reaction to the visual attention tasks that cause attentional and cognitive stress, predicting greater self-regulation and restoration of body homeostasis in the experimental group. The results are auspicious because they showed a better capacity for cognitive and emotional self-regulation, a restoration of homeostasis, and also an improvement in posttest time.
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