We analyze the effect of rising Chinese import competition between 1990 and 2007 on US local labor markets, exploiting cross-market variation in import exposure stemming from initial differences in ...industry specialization and instrumenting for US imports using changes in Chinese imports by other high-income countries. Rising imports cause higher unemployment, lower labor force participation, and reduced wages in local labor markets that house importcompeting manufacturing industries. In our main specification, import competition explains one-quarter of the contemporaneous aggregate decline in US manufacturing employment. Transfer benefits payments for unemployment, disability, retirement, and healthcare also rise sharply in more trade-exposed labor markets.
New goods play a central role in many trade and growth models. We use detailed trade and firm-level data from India to investigate the relationship between declines in trade costs, imports of ...intermediate inputs, and domestic firm product scope. We estimate substantial gains from trade through access to new imported inputs. Moreover, we find that lower input tariffs account on average for 31% of the new products introduced by domestic firms. This effect is driven to a large extent by increased firm access to new input varieties that were unavailable prior to the trade liberalization.
The haploinsufficiency of C9orf72 is implicated in the most common forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but the full spectrum of C9orf72 functions remains ...to be established. Here, we report that C9orf72 is a mitochondrial inner-membrane-associated protein regulating cellular energy homeostasis via its critical role in the control of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The translocation of C9orf72 from the cytosol to the inter-membrane space is mediated by the redox-sensitive AIFM1/CHCHD4 pathway. In mitochondria, C9orf72 specifically stabilizes translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane domain containing 1 (TIMMDC1), a crucial factor for the assembly of OXPHOS complex I. C9orf72 directly recruits the prohibitin complex to inhibit the m-AAA protease-dependent degradation of TIMMDC1. The mitochondrial complex I function is impaired in C9orf72-linked ALS/FTD patient-derived neurons. These results reveal a previously unknown function of C9orf72 in mitochondria and suggest that defective energy metabolism may underlie the pathogenesis of relevant diseases.
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•C9orf72 is imported into mitochondrial IMS through the AIFM1/CHCHD4 pathway•Mitochondrial C9orf72 is crucial for OXPHOS functions and energy metabolism•C9orf72 enables effective CI assembly by stabilizing TIMMDC1•C9orf72 haploinsufficiency impairs CI and OXPHOS functions in ALS/FTD patient cells
Wang et al. show that C9orf72, whose haploinsufficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, is imported into mitochondria, where it regulates energy metabolism by maintaining the assembly and stability of specific protein complexes. The function of C9orf72 in the mitochondria highlights the importance of energy homeostasis in the pathogenesis of ALS and related neurodegenerative diseases.
Concerns about the exhaustion of fossil energy sources, energy security problems, and increasing environmental problems have led policy makers to pay greater attention to renewable energy sources all ...over the world. Additionally, high current account deficits stemming from energy import dependency make substitution of fossil energy with renewable energy a necessity for Turkey. Although Turkey has a great potential in terms of renewable energy, it has not begun to utilize this great potential until recent years. However, Turkey has many motives to utilize renewable energy further.
This paper aims to investigate whether renewable energy consumption raises GDP in Turkey. For this purpose, the paper uses data spanning the period 1990–2015 and employs cointegration and causality tests which can present efficient output in small samples. The findings indicate that GDP is not related to renewable energy consumption and there is no causality between GDP and renewable energy consumption in Turkey. In conclusion, the paper argues that these findings may stem from the low share of renewable energy in total energy and Turkey needs to utilize renewable energy sources further to (i) meet energy needs for economic activities, (ii) mitigate environmental problems, and (iii) reduce energy import dependency and current account imbalances.
•Examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and GDP in Turkey over the period 1990–2015.•Employs cointegration and causality approaches.•Explores GDP is not related to renewable energy consumption.•Discovers there is no causality between renewable energy consumption and GDP.•Discusses theoretical and practical implications.
The Bagwell and Staiger (1990) theory of cooperative trade agreements predicts new tariffs (i) increase with imports, (ii) increase with the inverse of the sum of the import demand and export supply ...elasticities, and (iii) decrease with the variance of imports. We find US import policy during 1997-2006 to be consistent with this theory. A one standard deviation increase in import growth, the inverse of the sum of the import demand and export supply elasticity, and the standard deviation of import growth changes the probability that the US imposes an antidumping tariff by 35 percent, by 88 percent, and by -76 percent, respectively. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
We study firm-level pricing behavior through the lens of exchange rate pass-through and provide new evidence on how firm-level market shares and price complementarities affect pass-through decisions. ...Using U.S. import price micro data, we identify two facts: First, exactly the firms that react the most with their prices to changes in their own costs are also the ones that react the least to changing prices of competing importers. Second, the response of import prices to exchange rate changes is U-shaped in our proxy for market share while it is hump-shaped in response to the prices of competing importers. We show that both facts are consistent with a model based on Dornbusch (1987) that generates variable markups through a nested-CES demand system. Finally, based on the model, we find that direct cost pass-through and price complementarities among importers play approximately equally important roles in determining pass-through but also partly offset each other. This suggests that equilibrium feedback effects in import pricing are large. Omission of either channel in an empirical analysis results in a failure to explain how market structure affects price-setting in industry equilibrium.
•Micro data show that prices react to cost shocks and changing competitor prices.•Firms that react the most to changes in their own cost react the least to changing competitor prices.•Equilibrium pass-through is determined by the interplay of heterogeneity in reaction to own cost and competition.•Direct cost pass-through and indirect price complementarity channels play equally important roles.•Omission of either channel implies failure explaining how market structure affects price-setting in industry equilibrium.
The monograph examines the current problems of state policy of import substitution in the current conditions of the post-industrial economy. The essence and generalized theoretical approaches to the ...genesis of theories of import regulation in open economies have been revealed, the tools of state regulation in import substitution policy have been systematized and the content of the modern concept of neo-industrial import substitution has been characterized with a definition of institutional obstacles to its development. The preconditions for the implementation of import substitution policy in key sectors of the Ukrainian economy have been studied. The current state of Ukraine's foreign trade has been analyzed and key problems of balancing the foreign trade balance have been identified. The causes and consequences of the growing import dependence of the domestic economy have been established. Considerable attention is paid to the areas of realization of import substitution potential in the context of building a national innovation system. The role of for- eign direct investment in ensuring structural transformations in the economy of Ukraine has been studied and the factors of deterioration of the investment climate in Ukraine have been determined. Based on the systematization of international experience, the risks and problems of neo-industrial development of countries that can affect the implementation of their import substitution strategies have been identified.
Globalization and the Gains From Variety Broda, Christian; Weinstein, David E.
The Quarterly journal of economics,
05/2006, Letnik:
121, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Since the seminal work of Krugman, product variety has played a central role in models of trade and growth. In spite ofthe general use oflove-of-variety models, there has been no systematic study of ...how the import of new varieties has contributed to national welfare gains in the United States. In this paper we show that the unmeasured growth in product variety from U. S. imports has been an important source of gains from trade over the last three decades (1972–2001). Using extremely disaggregated data, we show that the number of imported product varieties has increased by a factor of three. We also estimate the elasticities of substitution for each available category at the same level of aggregation, and describe their behavior across time and SITC industries. Using these estimates, we develop an exact aggregate price index and find that the upward bias in the conventional import price index over this time period was 28 percent or 1.2 percentage points per year. We estimate the value to U. S. consumers of the expanded import varieties between 1972 and 2001 to be 2.6 percent of GDP.
We examine the impact of Chinese import competition on broad measures of technical change—patenting, IT, and TFP—using new panel data across twelve European countries from 1996 to 2007. In ...particular, we establish that the absolute volume of innovation increases within the firms most affected by Chinese imports in their output markets. We correct for endogeneity using the removal of product-specific quotas following China's entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001. Chinese import competition led to increased technical change within firms and reallocated employment between firms towards more technologically advanced firms. These within and between effects were about equal in magnitude, and account for 14% of European technology upgrading over 2000-7 (and even more when we allow for offshoring to China). Rising Chinese import competition also led to falls in employment and the share of unskilled workers. In contrast to low-wage nations like China, developed countries had no significant effect on innovation.
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