Arthropathy is a frequent and serious complication of repeated joint bleeding in patients with hemophilia, resulting in pain, deformity, and disability. Although the pathogenesis of hemophilic ...arthropathy has not been fully elucidated, it appears to have similarities with the degenerative joint damage that occurs in osteoarthritis and the inflammatory processes associated with rheumatoid arthritis. This article reviews the potential actions of various blood constituents on joint components that culminate in the development of hemophilic arthropathy.
Fatty acids (FAs) are potent organic compounds that not only can be used as an energy source during nutrient deprivation but are also involved in several essential signaling cascades in cells. ...Therefore, a balanced intake of different dietary FAs is critical for the maintenance of cellular functions and tissue homeostasis. A diet with an imbalanced fat composition creates a risk for developing metabolic syndrome and various musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge and mechanistic insights regarding the role of dietary FAs, such as saturated FAs, omega‐6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), and omega‐3 PUFAs on joint inflammation and OA pathogeneses. In particular, we review how different types of dietary FAs and their derivatives distinctly affect a variety of cells within the joint, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and synoviocytes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of FAs on metabolic behavior, anabolic, and catabolic processes, as well as the inflammatory response of joint cells, may help identify therapeutic targets for the prevention of metabolic joint diseases.
Fatty acids are involved in essential signaling cascades in cells, and a diet with an imbalanced fat composition can cause musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis. This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding how dietary fatty acids affect the different cell types of the joint and the roles of fatty acids in joint inflammation and osteoarthritis.
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•Motion information from skeleton can be efficiently encoded by considering the body joints as wearable kinematics sensor.•Proposed Linear Joint Position Feature (LJPF) and Angular Joint Position ...Feature (AJPF) from positions and bone-angles.•Proposed Kinematics Posture Feature (KPF) from LJPF and AJPF to encode motion and posture variation across frames.•Proposed Position-based Statistical Feature (PSF) from segmented KPF, that consists of temporal statistical features.•Five benchmark datasets are explored on PSF features with statistical and deep learning-based models.
Action recognition is a very widely explored research area in computer vision and related fields. We propose Kinematics Posture Feature (KPF) extraction from 3D joint positions based on skeleton data for improving the performance of action recognition. In this approach, we consider the skeleton 3D joints as kinematics sensors. We propose Linear Joint Position Feature (LJPF) and Angular Joint Position Feature (AJPF) based on 3D linear joint positions and angles between bone segments. We then combine these two kinematics features for each video frame for each action to create the KPF feature sets. These feature sets encode the variation of motion in the temporal domain as if each body joint represents kinematics position and orientation sensors. In the next stage, we process the extracted KPF feature descriptor by using a low pass filter, and segment them by using sliding windows with optimized length. This concept resembles the approach of processing kinematics sensor data. From the segmented windows, we compute the Position-based Statistical Feature (PSF). These features consist of temporal domain statistical features (e.g., mean, standard deviation, variance, etc.). These statistical features encode the variation of postures (i.e., joint positions and angles) across the video frames. For performing classification, we explore Support Vector Machine (Linear), RNN, CNNRNN, and ConvRNN model. The proposed PSF feature sets demonstrate prominent performance in both statistical machine learning- and deep learning-based models. For evaluation, we explore five benchmark datasets namely UTKinect-Action3D, Kinect Activity Recognition Dataset (KARD), MSR 3D Action Pairs, Florence 3D, and Office Activity Dataset (OAD). To prevent overfitting, we consider the leave-one-subject-out framework as the experimental setup and perform 10-fold cross-validation. Our approach outperforms several existing methods in these benchmark datasets and achieves very promising classification performance.
Insufficient apoptosis of inflammatory macrophages and osteoclasts (OCs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joints contributes toward the persistent progression of joint inflammation and destruction. Here, ...we deliver celastrol (CEL) to selectively induce apoptosis of OCs and macrophages in arthritic joints, with enzyme-responsive nanoparticles (termed PRNPs) composed of RGD modified nanoparticles (termed RNPs) covered with cleavable PEG chains. CEL-loaded PRNPs (CEL-PRNPs) dually target OCs and inflammatory macrophages derived from patients with RA via an RGD-αvβ3 integrin interaction after PEG cleavage by matrix metalloprotease 9, leading to increased apoptosis of these cells. In an adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model, PRNPs have an arthritic joint-specific distribution and CEL-PRNPs efficiently reduce the number of OCs and inflammatory macrophages within these joints. Additionally, rats with advanced arthritis go into inflammatory remission with bone erosion repair and negligible side effects after CEL-PRNPs treatment. These findings indicate potential for targeting chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in the treatment of advanced inflammatory arthritis.
•The cold expansion process increases the fatigue lives of Hybrid and Simple groups.•The cold expanded hybrid specimens have longer fatigue lives compared to simple ones.•In the cold expanded hybrid ...specimens the crack initiates from the pin entrance face.•The rate of crack growth in Hybrid group is slower than that of Simple group.
In this study, the effect of cold expansion process on the fatigue behavior of hybrid (bonded-bolted) double shear lap joints has been investigated, numerically and experimentally. Also the effects of cold expansion process and adhesive bonding process on the fatigue behavior of simple bolted double shear lap joint are studied, separately. For this purpose, six batches of specimens were made from 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet in Simple and Hybrid groups. Simple group consists of simple, 1.5% cold expanded and 4.7% cold expanded batches. Hybrid group consists of hybrid, 1.5% cold expanded hybrid and 4.7% cold expanded hybrid batches. All of the specimens after assembling were put under cyclic loading. The S-N curves of the experimental results show that the cold expansion process increases the fatigue lives of Hybrid and Simple group specimens. This increase is more appreciable by increasing the cold expansion percent. The adhesive bonding of Simple group specimens increases the fatigue life of these specimens. For all specimens the fatigue life enhancement is more appreciable at the lower loads. Also, the rate of crack growth in Hybrid group is slower than that of Simple group.
A goal of the International Prophylaxis Study Group (IPSG) is to provide an accurate instrument to measure MRI‐based disease severity of haemophilic arthropathy at various time points, so that ...longitudinal changes in disease severity can be identified to support decisions on treatment management. We review and discuss in this paper the evaluative purpose of the IPSG MRI scale in relation to its development and validation processes so far. We also critically appraise the validity, reliability and responsiveness of using the IPSG MRI scale in different clinical and research settings, and whenever applicable, compare these clinimetric properties of the IPSG MRI scale with those of its precursors, the compatible additive and progressive MRI scales.
Adding particles and fibers to the adhesive layer in adhesively bonded joints can increase adhesive toughness and improve stress distribution in the adhesive layer. In this paper, geometric and ...material parameters of metal fibers employed for reinforcement of adhesively bonded single lap joint (SLJ) were studied using experimental investigations and finite element modeling. The experimental results showed that incorporating metal fibers in the adhesive layer of a bonded joint can have considerable influence on the joint strength. This was in correlation with the numerical results predicting improved stress distributions of the adhesive layer when the metal fibers were incorporated in the adhesive layer. The diameter and the stiffness of the fibers and the distance between the fibers were found as three key parameters in design of metal fiber-reinforced adhesive joints. It was found that reducing the distance between the fibers, increasing the fiber diameter and choosing a stiffer material for the fibers improved the stress distribution and reduced the maximum and average stress values in the adhesive layer.
This paper presents the design of cold-formed rounded connections between a tube and a connecting block and the analysis of test results that were carried out with six fabricated samples. The joints ...manufactured on a specially designed prototype station were made by forming tools that were adjusted to connecting elements regarding the diameter and the shape. All of the samples prepared for this study were of the same diameters relating to the diameter of a hole in a connecting block and the outer diameter of a pipe flange. However, they were different concerning the height of the connecting block flange. The article presents features of joints that were manufactured with a designed forming tool on the prototype station. The achieved connections were examined in destructive testing (Micrography, Tensile Strength Test) and in non-destructive testing (Leakage Test). The research project aims were to state the differences in energy consumption of made connections and extend the concept of cold-formed rounded connections. Furthermore, this article presents the effects of FEA simulation of the cold-formed joint based on the results of destructive and non-destructive tests.
Collagen peptide supplementation (COL), in conjunction with exercise, may be beneficial for the management of degenerative bone and joint disorders. This is likely due to stimulatory effects of COL ...and exercise on the extracellular matrix of connective tissues, improving structure and load-bearing capabilities. This systematic review aims to evaluate the current literature available on the combined impact of COL and exercise. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, a literature search of three electronic databases—PubMed, Web of Science and CINAHL—was conducted in June 2020. Fifteen randomised controlled trials were selected after screening 856 articles. The study populations included 12 studies in recreational athletes, 2 studies in elderly participants and 1 in untrained pre-menopausal women. Study outcomes were categorised into four topics: (i) joint pain and recovery from joint injuries, (ii) body composition, (iii) muscle soreness and recovery from exercise, and (iv) muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and collagen synthesis. The results indicated that COL is most beneficial in improving joint functionality and reducing joint pain. Certain improvements in body composition, strength and muscle recovery were present. Collagen synthesis rates were elevated with 15 g/day COL but did not have a significant impact on MPS when compared to isonitrogenous higher quality protein sources. Exact mechanisms for these adaptations are unclear, with future research using larger sample sizes, elite athletes, female participants and more precise outcome measures such as muscle biopsies and magnetic imagery.
Objective: the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the potential of thermoacoustic tomography (TAT) to reveal anatomic structures of in vivo human finger joints. Methods: all the participating ...volunteers provided written informed consent. Eight healthy middle and index fingers from five volunteers were imaged in vivo by our TAT imaging system. Axial T1-weighted MR imaging (3.0 T) was used to validate the TAT findings. Comparative analyses between TAT and MRI images were performed in two dimension for all the fingers imaged. Three-dimensional (3-D) images and animations were also obtained for some of the fingers thermoacoustically scanned. Results: various intra- and extra-articular tissues were identified in TAT images in high fidelity. These TAT images matched well with the MRI images. Both the 3-D images and animations effectively displayed the extension and transformation of the entire finger along the axis. Conclusion: TAT can noninvasively visualize anatomic structures of the finger joints based on the electrical properties of the joint tissues. The results obtained indicate that TAT may have the potential to contribute to the detection of joint and bone diseases. Significance: this study represents the first for TAT of in vivo human joints and fingers. This study reveals that TAT can effectively recover both soft and hard tissues of the healthy interphalangeal joints, which provides a foundation for its clinical application to detection and diagnosis of joint and bone diseases.
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