1994. godine skupina stručnjaka okupljena od strane Međunarodnog udruženja za proučavanje boli (eng. International Association for the Study of Pain - IASP) donijela je nove dijagnostičke kriterije ...za refleksnu simpatičku distrofiju (RSD) i kauzalgiju i preimenovala ta stanja u kompleksni regionalni bolni sindrom (KRBS), tip I i tip II.
KRBS jest složeni patofiziološki entitet obilježen boli, oteklinom, trofičkim i vazomotornim promjenama, ograničenom funkcijom i relativno brzim razvojem osteoporoze zahvaćenog dijela.
U radu su detaljno opisani mogući patofiziološki mehanizmi nastanka boli, klinička slika i farmakološko liječenje uz intervencijske procedure.
The focus of the present study is to estimate the active surface deformation/displacement affecting the landscape of the eastern Kachchh basin with a particular emphasis on the Wagad, Khadir Island, ...Bela Island, Chorar Island, and adjoining regions by implementing Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) technique using ENVISAT and SENTINEL-1A radar imagery. To evaluate the deformation pattern using DInSAR, we used ENVISAT-ASAR 2003 to 2005 and 2006 to 2009 data products and SENTINEL-1A data set of 2018–2020. The cumulative displacement of 0.2–0.3 cm for the period of 2003–2005 and 0.19–0.22 cm for the period of 2006–2009 has been observed for the South Wagad Fault region. Similarly, the results acquired from SENTINEL-1A data set revealed a cumulative displacement of 0.16–0.18 cm for the period of 2018–2020. The Island Belt Fault zone shows 0.27 cm displacement, while it is 0.10–0.17 cm for the Gedi Fault zone. The rate of deformation estimated from the present study is well corroborated with the existing results of GPS driven uplift rates. The combined results of DInSAR and GPS indicate that the northern part of the Wagad region is deforming much faster than the south Wagad region. The displacement detected to the east of the epicentral zone of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake indicates the presence of a zone of weaker structures, which may trigger a large magnitude earthquake in the future. Our estimated results of the short-term ground displacement are well corroborated with the existing geological information. This ground displacement is attributed to the tectonic subsidence towards the eastern part of the South Wagad Fault region and within the wide zone of the Island Belt Fault and Gedi Fault zones. The areas with a high amount of displacement have experienced continuous seismicity during the last two decades in the Eastern Kachchh region and might encounter moderate to high seismicity in the near future. The results also provide a better understanding of the active surface deformation pattern taking place in the seismically sensitive eastern Kachchh region.
In view of the phenomenon that upright triangular zone and inverted triangular zone of the collapsed roof appeared alternately in the gob, a mechanical model of the rebreak of the key rock block ...(KRB) of the main roof in the gob was established by using theoretical analysis. The main reason for the rebreak of KRB was revealed and the bending moment expression at any point of KRB was obtained. So, a rebreak system of KRB of the main roof in gob was developed using Matlab software. The four influencing factors of length of KRB (
l
), rotation angle of KRB (
α
), friction coefficient (
f
), and load on KRB (
q
) were selected to study the influence on the rebreak of value and position of the maximum bending moment of KRB by using orthogonal and controlled experiment. The results show that: (1) the degree of influence on the KRB is in order:
l
>
q
>
α
>
f
; (2) The maximum bending moment is positively related to
l
and
q
, is negatively related to
α
and is unrelated to
f
. (3) The positions of the maximum bending moments of KRB are all located at 0.575
l
, which is not affected by
l
,
α
,
f
, and
q
. The research on the influencing factors of the rebreak of KRB can control the formation of the collapsed roof form in gob and provide a certain reference for the upward mining of coal seams between a short distance and the mining of coal seams under water bodies.
Hydrological responses corresponding to the agricultural land use alterations are critical for planning crop management strategies, water resources management, and environmental evaluations. However, ...accurate estimation and evaluation of these hydrological responses are restricted by the limited availability of detailed crop classification in land use and land cover. An innovative approach using state-of-the-art Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is utilized by setting up the crop-specific vegetation parameterization and analyse the effect of uniform and heterogeneous agricultural land use over the hydrological responses of the basin, in the Kangsabati River Basin (KRB). Thirteen year simulations (1998–2010) based on two different scenarios i.e., single-crop in agricultural land use (SC-ALU) and multi-crop in agricultural land use (MC-ALU) patterns are incorporated in the model and calibrated (1998–2006) and validated (2007–2010) for the streamflow at Reservoir and Mohanpur in the KRB. The results demonstrated that the VIC model improved the estimates of hydrological components, especially surface runoff and evapotranspiration (ET) at daily and monthly timescales corresponding to MC-ALU than SC-ALU (NSC > 0.7). Grid-scale ET estimates are improved after incorporating heterogeneous agricultural land use (NSC > 0.55 and R
2
> 0.55) throughout the period of 1998–2010. This study improves our understanding on how the change in agricultural land use in the model settings alters the basin hydrological characteristics, and to provide model-based approaches for best management practices in irrigation scheduling, crop water requirement, and management strategies in the absence of flux towers, eddy covariance, and lysimeters in the basin.
•Catchment water balance predicted with insignificant change under RCP4.5.•Annual water yield and runoff is predicted to increase by 5 % and 6 % respectively.•Runoff in DJF under RCP4.5 is predicted ...to increase by 11 %.•Catchment water balance predicted to increase under RCP8.5.•Annual rainfall, water yield and runoff under RCP8.5 are predicted to increase between 19 % – 65 %.
The Kabompo River Basin (KRB) in Zambia is one of the 13 basins found in the Zambezi River Basin in Southern African region.
Global Climate Model (GCMs) projections have spatial resolution of up to several hundred kilometres, which may not be adequate for capturing local details mostly needed for impact assessment at local and regional scale. Downscaling techniques developed to improve the detail include; regional climate modelling and statistical techniques linking climate information at GCM resolution with that at local scale. This paper deals with evaluation and assessment of the impact of climate change on water balance for the KRB. In order to evaluate climate change impact, six bias–corrected and downscaled GCM outputs were acquired and used as inputs for hydrological modelling with the SWAT model to determine the impact under two future climate scenarios.
The results indicate that the future catchment water balance for KRB under RCP4.5 will have insignificant variation from the current catchment water balance as annual statistics show that rainfall will reduce by 1 % while water yield and runoff will increase by 5 % and 6 % respectively. Meanwhile under RCP8.5, annual statistics show that rainfall will increase by 19 % while water yield and runoff will increase by 40 % and 65 % respectively and resulting in a significant increase in catchment water balance.
Abstract
Understanding the potential impact of anthropogenic climate change on the hydrological regime of the Koshi River Basin (KRB) is very important for sustainable water resources and ecosystem ...management. The hydrological studies are mainly focused on the annual, seasonal, and peak flows of the hydrological regime; however, the ecologically relevant flows of the hydrological regime are less explored. In this study, we analyzed the different flow characteristics based on the magnitude, intensity, and duration using the Indicator of Hydrologic Alterations (IHA) under the influence of shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) scenarios. We found that the KRB will experience a shift in hydro-climatic events, an increase in rise and fall rates of flow, increase in monthly low flows of the hydrological regime, eventually affecting the livelihoods and ecosystem of the basin. This study highlights the importance of environmental flow components (EFCs) in a hydrological regime to better understand the flow characteristics during the future hydro-climatic variability.
Climate change is one of the most important challenges facing watersheds. In this study, the effects of climate change in the Karkheh River Basin (KRB), located in the Iranian plateau, have been ...investigated. The temperature and precipitation, as significant climatic parameters, have been investigated using the observed data (1980–2017), as a baseline period, and the projected data (2020–2090) which can be regarded as the output of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) model based on RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios. The status of the snow cover changes was evaluated using MODIS TERRA satellite sensors. The results show that there has been a downward trend in the precipitation amount in most of the KRB, at 95% confidence level. The projected results also show that the amount of annual precipitation will decrease with the deviation from the baseline period. According to RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios, the amount of annual precipitation will decrease by 88.2 and 56.1 mm, respectively, as compared with the baseline period. Moreover, the air temperature trend in the future period will be increased by deviation from the baseline period. Thus, by the end of this century and according to RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios, the minimum temperatures will rise by 4.5 and 2.5 °C, respectively. Evaluation of the snow cover status of the study area, based on the MODIS sensor over the last two decades, shows that the amount of snow covers has been decreasing, reflecting global warming in recent years. Therefore, long-term planning and water resources management, considering the climate change condition, are considered significant in this basin.
Flooding is the most widespread and frequent natural disaster in developing countries. Until recent years, determining flood extent and inundation depth were undertaken using hydrodynamic models but ...have pertinence constraints in data-scarce regions. This has given the new potential to characterize floods (e.g., inundation, depth, duration) at a large-scale using a geomorphic approach. The SAR data was employed to derive flood extent and the 12.5 m resolution DEM-based geomorphic method was applied to determine inundation depth in flooded domains of Kosi River Basin (KRB) in North Bihar (India) to characterize 2017 floods. The total inundated area in flooded domains over KRB was estimated at 4,108.2 km
2
(20.88%). Most of the area (2,750 km
2
, 14%) of flooded domains over land had a water depth of 0.1 to 1 m. The geomorphic approach is appropriate for characterizing floods over large-scale and data-sparse basins like KRB and afforded a new horizon for flood risk assessment on flood vulnerable areas.
► SCFAs increase NE release from primary-cultured sympathetic neurons via GPR41. ► Sympathetic activation by SCFA involves Gβγ, PLCβ3, ERK1/2, and synapsin 2. ► Synapsin 2 directly interacts with ...activated ERK1/2. ► Synapsin 2b can be phosphorylated when SCFA activates sympathetic neurons.
Synapsins are neuronal phosphoproteins that coat synaptic vesicles and are believed to function in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. The signaling mechanism for short-chain free fatty acid (SCFA)-stimulated NE release was examined using primary-cultured mouse sympathetic cervical ganglion neurons. Pharmacological and knockdown experiments showed that activation of sympathetic neurons by SCFA propionate involves SCFA receptor GPR41 linking to Gβγ-PLCβ3-ERK1/2-synapsin 2 signaling. Further, synapsin 2b directly interacts with activated ERK1/2 and can be phosphorylated on serine when SCFA activates sympathetic neurons.
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