Strukturna združljivost človeške notranjosti in zunanjega sveta predstavlja eno temeljnih paradigem tradicionalne kitajske epistemologije. Ta vidik, ki je nadvse dragocen ne zgolj za sinološke ...raziskave kitajske filozofske tradicije, temveč tudi za razvoj epistemoloških teorij v svetovnem merilu, ostaja še vedno zakrit s stoletno tradicijo napačnih interpretacij nekaterih osrednjih pojmov in kategorij klasičnih kitajskih diskurzov. Pričujoči članek predlaga novo videnje kitajske idejne tradicije skozi prizmo koncepta strukture.
Članek obravnava Xu Fuguanovo analizo in interpretacijo koncepta qiyun shengdong 气韵 生动, ki velja za enega od najpomembnejših, najbolj temeljnih in hkrati najtežje dojemljivih konceptov v kitajski ...estetiki in umetnosti. Nastal je v obdobju Wei Jin (220–420 n. št.), ki je eno od najbolj ustvarjalnih in prelomnih obdobij na področju kitajske estetike in umetnosti. Njegova kompleksnost se izraža tako v literarnih delih, slikarstvu, kaligrafiji in glasbi, kot tudi v literarni teoriji ter teoriji slikarstva, pri čemer se qi nanaša na zunanje značilnosti umetniškega dela, medtem ko izraža yun notranje značilnosti, ki so del človeške notranjosti oziroma človeškega duha, medtem ko shengdong pomeni manifestacijo, delovanje in zlitje obeh konceptov v umetniškem delu.Avtorica najprej predstavi Xu Fuguanovo interpretacijo in jo prikaže v kontekstu sodobnih debat o kitajski estetiki. V nadaljevanju se osredotoči na njegovo filološko in historično analizo semantičnega ter filozofskega razvoja obravnavanega koncepta in na koncu poda kritično evalvacijo njegove študije v kontekstu ponovnega ovrednotenja osnov klasične kitajske estetike.
Članek se ukvarja s Xu Fuguanovo analizo in interpretacijo nekaterih osrednjih konceptov Zhuangzijeve filozofije, ki predstavljajo njegovo estetiko. Po Xuju se Zhuangzijeva estetika nanaša na ...estetski način bivanja človeka, pri čemer se lepota aplicira v sfero daota, v kateri so ljudje zmožni osvoboditi svojega duha in uživati način življenja, ki ga Zhuangzi označuje kot »svobodno in lahkotno tavanje« (xiaoyaoyou 逍遙遊). Po Xujevem mnenju je to najvišja in najlepša sfera človeškega bivanja in je kot taka izražena v umetnosti. Xu je v Zhuangzijevih konceptih postenja srčne zavesti (xinzhai 心齋) in sedenja v pozabi (zuowang 坐忘) kot dveh metodah za doseganje tega najvišjega nivoja bivanja videl nekatere podobnosti z določenimi koncepti zahodne fenomenologije devetnajstega in zgodnjega dvajsetega stoletja. Čeprav je bil Xu Fuguan pri orisu vzporednic med zahodno in Zhuangzijevo filozofijo zelo previden, je bil mnenja, da med njimi obstaja določena podobnost, še posebej pri vprašanju, zakaj in na kakšen način je človeška zavest (oziroma srčna zavest) zmožna dojemati svet estetsko. Članek želi pokazati nekatere metodološke probleme in nekonsistentnosti Xu Fuguanovega komparativnega pristopa, ki je temelj njegove teorije estetike.
This concise and incisive analysis unpicks the likely practical implications for the international community of China's announced reorientation of its economy towards protecting its domestic market.
Righteous Revolutionaries illustrates how states appeal to popular morality—shared understandings of right and wrong—to forge new group identities and mobilize violence against perceived threats to ...their authority. Jeffrey A. Javed examines the Chinese Communist Party’s mass mobilization of violence during its land reform campaign in the early 1950s, one of the most violent and successful state-building efforts in history. Using an array of novel archival, documentary, and quantitative historical data, this book illustrates that China’s land reform campaign was not just about economic redistribution but rather part of a larger, brutally violent state-building effort to delegitimize the new party-state’s internal rivals and establish its moral authority. Righteous Revolutionaries argues that the Chinese Party-state simultaneously removed perceived threats to its authority at the grassroots and bolstered its legitimacy through a process called moral mobilization. This mobilization process created a moral boundary that designated a virtuous ingroup of “the masses” and a demonized outgroup of “class enemies,” mobilized the masses to participate in violence against this broadly defined outgroup, and strengthened this symbolic boundary by making the masses complicit in state violence. Righteous Revolutionaries shows how we can find traces of moral mobilization in China today under Xi Jinping’s rule. In an era where states and politicians regularly weaponize moral emotions to foment intergroup conflict and violence, understanding the dynamics of violent mobilization and state authority are more relevant than ever before.
This is the first environmental history of China during the three thousand years for which there are written records. It is also a treasure trove of literary, political, aesthetic, scientific, and ...religious sources, which allow the reader direct access to the views and feelings of the Chinese people toward their environment and their landscape.Elvin chronicles the spread of the Chinese style of farming that eliminated the habitat of the elephants that populated the country alongside much of its original wildlife; the destruction of most of the forests; the impact of war on the environmental transformation of the landscape; and the re-engineering of the countryside through water-control systems, some of gigantic size. He documents the histories of three contrasting localities within China to show how ecological dynamics defined the lives of the inhabitants. And he shows that China in the eighteenth century, on the eve of the modern era, was probably more environmentally degraded than northwestern Europe around this time.Indispensable for its new perspective on long-term Chinese history and its explanation of the roots of China's present-day environmental crisis, this book opens a door into the Chinese past.
What has happened to religion in China since the Communist revolution? Against all the odds of eradication measures dictated by the atheist ideology and secularization effects of modernization, ...religion has survived and has been reviving and thriving despite Communist rule. This book presents a comprehensive overview of Chinese versions of Marxist atheism, evolving religious policies, and the religious change in China under Communism. It presents a fresh definition of religion for the social scientific study that classifies the religious and religion-like phenomena into a clear order. Working within the new paradigm in the sociology of religion that explains religious vitality instead of secularization, the book adopts a political economic approach. It contends that the dominant “supply-side explanations” in the new paradigm is not suitable to explain the religious change in China. The author articulates the triple religious market model in a
shortage economy of religion under heavy regulation, which is very much a demand-driven economy of religion. Moreover, China is only one case of religious oligopoly, where a selected few religions are sanctioned by the state. Oligopoly is the most common type of religion-state relations in the world today. What has happened to religion in China may be indicative of religious dynamics in other oligopoly societies under heavy regulation.
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