This study focuses on mesic and xeric grasslands of mostly secondary origin, and that are influenced by human activity. Mesic grasslands are traditionally used for hay-making, and xeric ones for ...pastures. Over the last 20 years, livestock farming in Bulgaria has significantly declined so that less grass is needed. Many types of grasslands are no longer used and lots of abandoned fields can be found nowadays in Bulgaria. The analyses in this study are based on 868 releves collected on xeric and mesic grasslands according to the methodological approach of Braun- Blanquet. As a result, five alliances within two classes are recognized: the class Festuco-Brometea, represented by three alliances, namely Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati, Chrysopogono-Danthonion calycinae and Festucion valesiacae, and the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, represented by two alliances, namely Arrhenatherion elatioris and Cynosurion cristati. The majority of the managed grasslands are situated in close proximity to settlements. Most of the abandoned areas (30%) are found within Cirsio-Brachypodion alliance. These grasslands are characterized by the highest values of total cover of vegetation. They are located in the most distant and least accessible areas. If use is not resumed, all the abandoned grasslands will be under threat of extinction in the near future. At the same time, many arable lands have been abandoned and turned into grasslands by the processes of secondary succession.
V raziskavi smo se osredotočili na mezična in kserična travišča večinoma sekundarnega nastanka, ki so pod vplivom človekovih aktivnosti. Mezična travišča se tradicionalno uporabljajo za seno, kserična pa kot pašniki. V Bolgariji je živinoreja v zadnjih 20 letih močno upadla in je potreba po krmi manjša. S številnimi tipi travišč ne gospodarijo več in danes je v Bolgariji moč najti številne opuščene površine. V analizi smo zbrali 868 vegetacijskih popisov kseričnih in mezičnih travišč, narejenih z Braun-Blanquetovo metodo. Uvrstili smo jih v pet zvez in dva razreda: razred Festuco-Brometea, ki ga predstavljajo tri zveze Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati, Chrysopogono- Danthonion calycinae in Festucion valesiacae in razred Molinio-Arrhenatheretea z dvema zvezama Arrhenatherion elatioris in Cynosurion cristati. Večina vzdrževanih travišč se nahaja v bližini naselij. Večino opuščenih površin (30%) uvrščamo v zvezo Cirsio-Brachypodion in za te travnike je značilno, da imajo največjo skupno pokrovno vrednost in se nahajajo v najbolj oddaljenih, težko dostopnih območjih. Če jih ne bomo ponovno začeli uporabljati, bodo v bližnji prihodnosti izginili. Obenem se opuščajo tudi številne obdelovalne površine, ki se spreminjajo v travnike v procesu sekundarne sukcesije.
Vpliv načinov gospodarjenja s travišči na ptice gnezdilke Ljubljanskega barja (osrednja Slovenija)
In spite of the extensive drainage works carried out in the bogs of Ljubljansko barje, the area is ...still important for breeding birds, particularly wet meadow species. Existence of these meadows nowadays depends very much on human management, which can be more or less intensive. Lately, more and more wet meadows are being transformed into pastures. The aim of this research was to find out how different grassland management regimes affect breeding birds at Ljubljansko barje. Intensively managed meadows, extensively managed meadows, pastures and litter meadows were compared. As birds were counted by a method adapted to pastures, counts were made from the edge of the plots. From the end of April till mid June 2003, every plot was visited four times in the morning and once during the night. Management intensity of the plot was determined by the beginning and extent of the area being mown or grazed, speed of mowing progress, number of irrigation ditches and proportion of area fertilized. The largest numbers of breeding birds were recorded in litter meadows, slightly fewer in extensively managed meadows and the least in intensively managed meadows. Considering the numbers of breeding birds, pastures were more similar to intensively than to extensively managed meadows. The beginning of mowing, extent of area mown and proportion of fertilised area were in significant negative correlation with density of nesting birds. It turned out that grazing, as practiced in the year of the research, is not suitable for maintaining wet meadows as habitats for grassland birds. The question remains, however, would less intensive grazing be a suitable alternative solution for maintaining conservationally very important wet grasslands at Ljubljansko barje, which would otherwise be abandoned.
Lijep, bujan, zeleni travnjak ponos je svakog vlasnika okućnice. Obično se misli da je za lijep izgled travnjaka i gustu, bujnu travu najviše zaslužan dobar odabir sjemena i redovito održavanje. ...Dakako da su ti čimbenici itekako važni za dobar izgled travnjaka, no daleko je važnija pravilna i temeljita priprema terena. Nijedan vrt, bez obzira koliko bio održavan, ne izgleda uredno ako su zapuštene travnate površine. Najpovoljnije vrijeme za formiranje travnjaka je jesen. Zemlja je dovoljno vlažna i temperature su dovoljno visoke za rast trave.
Junij je bil mesec, ko se je nekdaj pričela košnja. Pele so kose, širil se je zvok brušenja kos in klepanja kos na domačih dvoriščih pa tudi na travnikih. Čas, ki je odšel in ostaja v spominih, ...zapisih in fotografijah.Ob prvem svitu se je oče s sosedi iz vasi odpravil kosit. Dan prej je vedno sklepal koso. Zjutraj si je zataknil “vodir” za pas in malo vode je bilo v njem ter brusni kamen. Za popotnico so srknili “štamperl kačje sline” so rekli, potem pa koso na rame. Čez čas pa se je slišalo petje brusnih kamnov s travnika. Mama je doma vedno pripravljala žgance in gobovo župo za zajtrk. Sušenje in spravilo krme je bil nekoč prijeten obred.Na fotografiji so kosci s takratnim šmarskim dekanom Jakobom Rihterjem.Od leve proti desni: Zepa Matjaž, Ivan Vahen, Štefan Lorger, Frac Ror, Ivek Zupanc, Matija Gorjup, Novak Franč, Božiček Miha, Stanko Čakš, g.dekan Jakob Rihtar, Gregor Nunčič, Anton Golčman, Miha Bač, Rok Metličar, Zepa Novak in Franc Krušič.Prispeval: Jožef Čakš
Košnja travnika pod šmarsko Kalvarijo in košnja po hribu med kalvarijskimi kapelicami, je vedno pritegnila številne kosce, saj je šlo za precejšnjo površino. Na fotografiji so kosci pri drugi ...kalvarijski kapeli leta 1955. Med kosci je tudi takratni g. dekan Jakob Rihter, peti v zgornji vrsti. Na koncu vrste je Stanko Čakš.Košnja po kalvarijskem hribu je tudi v današnjih časih dobro organizirana. Župnik vsako leto povabi kosce, da ta hrib dvakrat v letu pokosijo. Vabilu se odzove od 40 do 50 koscev in grabljic, ki v zgodnjih jutranjih urah v mesecih juniju in avgustu pokosijo in očistijo travnate površine med kapelami.Pripravil Jože Čakš.
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