The extreme wave during the tropical cyclone poses a great threat to the coastal and ocean engineering. In this study, this wave is simulated by the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model in the ...Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the northern South China Sea where tropical cyclones frequently occur. The simulation focuses on the whitecapping dissipation with the Komen scheme, which controls the dissipation through several key coefficients, such as two wave-steepness-dependent coefficients (Stpm and Powst) and two wave-number-dependent coefficients (Delta and Powk). By calculating statistical parameters and introducing a quantitative evaluation method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, TOPSIS), optimal selections of key coefficients in the Komen scheme are determined after identifying reasonable ranges of these coefficients. The simulated wave parameters of the calibrated model match the measured data well, demonstrating the reliability of the key coefficient combination in the Komen scheme. The underestimation of large significant wave heights is improved, with little variation of small significant wave heights, and the underestimation of wave periods is improved during the whole process of the tropical cyclone.
•The key coefficients of Komen scheme are analysed by TOPSIS method during the tropical cyclone.•The reasonable ranges of key coefficients are provided.•The optimal combination of key coefficients for simulating wave parameters is determined.
Numerous wind force data with different temporal and spatial resolution have been released over the last decades which can be utilized in a wave model to simulate wave spectrum and its dynamics. On ...the other hand, diverse packages are available for computing sink and source terms in the wave model. In this study, the third generation wave model, SWAN, was employed to assess the performance of different formulation packages (KOMEN, JANSSEN, WST and ST6) in the Red Sea when ERA-Interim, CCMP and ERA5 wind data were employed. In situ measurements and altimeter data were used for skill assessments.
Results showed that the SWAN with either JANSSEN or KOMEN formulation was more accurate when ERA5 wind data were used instead of ERA-Interim or CCMP. Combination of ERA5 wind data and JANSSEN outperformed other combination of wind data and model formulations. The model underestimated the significant wave height when either ST6 or WST package was employed. The worse performance at the study area was obtained when WST package was used in SWAN.
•SAR-derived wind speed showed superiority of ERA5 in comparison to CCMP and ERA-Interim datasets.•SAR-derived wave height were used to produce spatial distribution of model bias.•Recalibration of white capping term in SWAN was required to remedy model underestimations.•Janssen formulation was the most successful formulation in SWAN for wind input and whitecapping terms.
Our efforts to prevent and treat breast cancer are significantly impeded by a lack of knowledge of the biology and developmental genetics of the normal mammary gland. In order to provide the ...specimens that will facilitate such an understanding, The Susan G. Komen for the Cure Tissue Bank at the IU Simon Cancer Center (KTB) was established. The KTB is, to our knowledge, the only biorepository in the world prospectively established to collect normal, healthy breast tissue from volunteer donors. As a first initiative toward a molecular understanding of the biology and developmental genetics of the normal mammary gland, the effect of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives on DNA expression in the normal breast epithelium was examined.
Using normal breast tissue from 20 premenopausal donors to KTB, the changes in the mRNA of the normal breast epithelium as a function of phase of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception were assayed using next-generation whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq).
In total, 255 genes representing 1.4% of all genes were deemed to have statistically significant differential expression between the two phases of the menstrual cycle. The overwhelming majority (221; 87%) of the genes have higher expression during the luteal phase. These data provide important insights into the processes occurring during each phase of the menstrual cycle. There was only a single gene significantly differentially expressed when comparing the epithelium of women using hormonal contraception to those in the luteal phase.
We have taken advantage of a unique research resource, the KTB, to complete the first-ever next-generation transcriptome sequencing of the epithelial compartment of 20 normal human breast specimens. This work has produced a comprehensive catalog of the differences in the expression of protein-coding genes as a function of the phase of the menstrual cycle. These data constitute the beginning of a reference data set of the normal mammary gland, which can be consulted for comparison with data developed from malignant specimens, or to mine the effects of the hormonal flux that occurs during the menstrual cycle.
Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) on a structured grid over the Louisiana shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico is used to evaluate the performance of three different classes of formulations for ...quantifying wind input and whitecapping dissipation. The formulations include Komen based on the mean spectral parameters, Westhuysen based on the saturation concept of the wave groups, and the most recent observation-based physics package ST6. The evaluation was implemented for two summer months (July and August 2015) to assess these formulations for a low wave energy period. The modeling area consists of the Louisiana inner shelf with the offshore open boundary located beyond the continental shelf. The model was forced using the spatially variable Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) wind field and wave parameters obtained from the NOAA’s WAVEWATCH-III (WWIII) model along the open boundaries. Simulated wave parameters and spectra regarding each formulation were evaluated and compared with measured wave data at NDBC stations; comparisons showed that the most appropriate formulation for the simulation of low energy waves for the study area to be ST6. The e performance of each whitecapping formulation was described by examining 1D/2D spectra and the source term balance at different met-ocean conditions during the simulation period. It was also shown that the inaccuracies in the input wind field and boundary conditions can substantially contribute to the model inaccuracy.
A new genus and species of basal mosasauroid reptile from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Slovenia, previously referred to as the "Trieste aigialosaur," is described. The new taxon is known from ...only a single specimen including a well-preserved postcranial skeleton and parts of the skull (i.e., left quadrate, left surangular-prearticular complex, and left angular and splenial). Morphological characters of the quadrate and postcranial skeleton distinguish this new taxon from other basal mosasauroids such as Aigialosaurus dalmaticus, Aigialosaurus (=Opetiosau-rus) bucchichi and Carsosaurus marchesettii. Cladistic parsimony analysis of a taxon character matrix composed of 135 characters and 31 terminal taxa resulted in the recovery of 12 equally parsimonious cladograms of 351 steps (CI = 0.48, HI = 0.52, and RI = 0.73). From these cladograms we present a phylogenetic hypothesis on the interrelationships of mosasauroids. Species assigned to Aigialosaurus form the basalmost mosasauroid clade. The new genus described here is reconstructed with Carsosaurus marchesettii in a clade that is the sistergroup to the following clade: (Haasiasaurus ((Halisaurinae, (Tethysaurus nopcsai (Yaguarasaurus columbianus, Russellosaurus coheni)) (Russellosaurina))); the "Dallas aigialosaur," Dallasaurus turneri, is found to be the basal-most mosasaurine. Arguments supporting the importance of pelvic evolution to the aquatic adaptations of mosasaurs are given along with a discussion of recent hypotheses of limb evolution in mosasauroids.
Aristocratic Ownership and Political Roots in Vienna, 1680-1740. The Great Aristocratic Residence and Noble Mobilities.
The link between aristocratic ownership and political root is not totally ...obvious in Vienna during the early modern era. The nobility has to move between the Court, her domains and the provincial diets of the several crowns of the Habsburg Monarchy. That is why the Viennese palaces are frequently in competition with other country and seigniorial houses. Residential customs are multiple : deep-rooted urban integration giving the aristocratical house the role of a political metaphor ; temporary urban ownership ; closing of the houses whenever the family withdraws from the Court. With the increase of the rental property during the first half of the 18th century, the link between the noble lineage and the urban house is altered : owning one’s own house does not seem to be important any more. Then, to study the aristocratical ownership is a relevant way to estimate the appeal of the Vienna Court in a decentralized Habsburg Monarchy.
Aristocratische eigendom en politieke verankering te Wenen, 1680-1740. De grote aristocratische verblijven tegenover het komen-en-gaan van edellieden.
Het verband tussen aristocratische eigendom en politieke verankering spreekt niet voor zich in het Wenen van de vroegmoderne tijd. De adellijke elites waren toen door hun vele functies – aan het Hof, op provinciaal of op lokaal niveau – namelijk verplicht op meerdere plaatsen tegelijk te zijn. Verschillende woonpraktijken bestonden door elkaar, gaande van de permanente vestiging (met een symbolische assimilatie van de woning met het geslacht) tot episodische eigendom en liquidatie op het ogenblik dat het Hof werd verlaten. Tijdens het begin van de 18de eeuw werden steeds meer verblijven gehuurd, waardoor de relatie tussen de adellijke geslachten en hun stedelijk verblijf danig veranderde : een woning bezitten in Wenen was duidelijk niet meer nodig om politiek verankerd te kunnen zijn. De studie van de aristocratische eigendom vormt bijgevolg een goede maatstaf voor de aantrekkingskracht van het Hof ten aanzien van de rest van de Habsburgse monarchie.
La relation entre propriété aristocratique et ancrage politique ne va pas de soi à Vienne à l’époque moderne. Les élites nobiliaires sont en effet soumises à une nécessaire ubiquité générée par leurs multiples fonctions, curiales, provinciales et seigneuriales, qui maintient sur le long terme une concurrence résidentielle. Les pratiques résidentielles sont ainsi multiples, entre sédentarité éprouvée et assimilation symbolique de la demeure au lignage, propriété épisodique et liquidation en cas de retrait de la cour. La croissance du phénomène locatif au début du XVIIIe siècle induit des évolutions profondes dans la relation du lignage à la demeure urbaine : posséder une demeure n’est clairement plus indispensable à l’ancrage politique. L’étude de la propriété aristocratique constitue alors un bon baromètre de la capacité d’attraction d’une cour inscrite en concurrence à l’échelle de la monarchie des Habsbourg.
: There have been four key steps in the advent of breast cancer advocacy: priming the market, engaging consumers, establishing political advocacy, and taking the advocacy mainstream. Breast cancer ...was surrounded by secrecy until the 1980s, when brave individuals such as former First Ladies Betty Ford and Nancy Reagan, and founder of the Susan G. Komen Foundation, Nancy Brinker (Susan Komen's sister), began speaking publicly about the personal impact of the disease, which increased awareness of breast cancer and made it more acceptable to talk about it openly. At the same time, statistics about breast cancer were presented in new ways that the public could understand. Public health advocates played a key role in the second step, engaging consumers, when they established guidelines in the 1980s that encouraged women to perform breast self‐examinations (BSEs) and have screening mammograms and clinical breast examinations (CBEs). Other events that helped engage consumers were increased media coverage of breast cancer issues, the founding of the Komen Race for the Cure in 1983, and the establishment of other programs that both educated the public and raised funds. Funds from these efforts enabled advocates to hold educational forums and produce educational materials in different media and tailored to different audiences and to become active in the funding of research. The third step, political action, became possible when breast cancer advocates joined together in the 1980s and 1990s to work toward legislative, regulatory, and funding changes, such as passage of the Mammography Quality Standards Act and increased funding for the National Cancer Institute. These efforts contributed to a more than quadrupling of federal funding for breast cancer research in the 1990s. Going mainstream, the final step in the advocacy process, entailed establishing a solid base of support to ensure that the message about breast cancer stays strong and fresh. This has been achieved by engaging the business, government, and scientific communities as partners in advocacy.
Several factors have been identified in the literature to affect quality of life among breast cancer survivors. This study examined the relationship between breast cancer diagnosis factors, perceived ...social support, internal control and breast cancer survivors' quality of life via an online survey (N=252). Results of this exploratory study show that older age at diagnosis was correlated with higher quality of life and psychological wellbeing. Although results showed relatively high levels of social and family support, no statistical correlation was found between support and quality of life. Participants had confidence in their ability to perform tasks and manage their thoughts and behaviors in order to effectively navigate their life struggles and decisions. Additionally, seven breast cancer diagnosis factors appeared to impact overall quality of life or areas of well-being: age at diagnosis, time since diagnosis, type of breast cancer surgery, current treatment status, second breast cancer diagnosis, support group attendance, and breast cancer mutation testing. Findings from this study indicate that there are factors that impact quality of life of female breast cancer survivors. Health educators are specially positioned to develop partnerships with survivors and collaborate in support program development, implementation and continuing professional development.
Three sections which crop out near Tomačevica (2
km east of Komen), Slovenia, were measured and described. Thirty-seven rock samples were collected for thin section analysis. A database on all the ...fossils from the Komen area was compiled from collections of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Trieste, Italy, the Museo Geologico Paleontologico G. Capellini in Bologna, Italy, and the Slovenian Museum of Natural History in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The data collected on the stratigraphy, sedimentology and palaeontology of the Komen platy limestones were used to build a new depositional model for the area. This new hypothesis is proposed in place of the “lagoonal model”, too often invoked in the past in order to explain the occurrence of dark platy limestones occurring worldwide in platform settings. Given the absence of any evidence in support of a true “lagoonal system” in the examined area (e.g. channel fills, herring bone cross stratification, sand bars or bioherms delimiting the area of interest) the latter has been examined in search of an alternative sedimentological model. New data regarding facies succession and faunal composition have been gathered. The typical facies succession of the Komen Limestone comprises: (a) flat pebble breccias that grade up-section into packstones and wackestones containing progressively rarer, and smaller, flat micritic intraclasts; (b) well bedded to platy limestones; and (c) stromatolitic limestones. All of these lithologies contain scattered chert nodules and sheets. The available evidence suggests that the depositional environment of the Komen Limestone was in an intraplatform basin, in the proximity of an exposed area (tidal flat plus probably other supratidal environments populated by conifers and where karstification could occur). The bottom water conditions were periodically dysoxic to anoxic, and the stacking of different facies was due to a combination of small scale sea-level fluctuations and local subsidence of the area.
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