Rebel groups are often portrayed as predators, their leaders little more than warlords. In conflicts large and small, however, insurgents frequently take and hold territory, establishing ...sophisticated systems of governance that deliver extensive public services to civilians under their control. From police and courts, schools, hospitals, and taxation systems to more symbolic expressions such as official flags and anthems, some rebels are able to appropriate functions of the modern state, often to great effect in generating civilian compliance. Other insurgent organizations struggle to provide even the most basic services and suffer from the local unrest and international condemnation that result.
Rebel Rulersis informed by Zachariah Cherian Mampilly's extensive fieldwork in rebel-controlled areas. Focusing on three insurgent organizations-the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka, the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) in Congo, and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) in Sudan-Mampilly's comparative analysis shows that rebel leaders design governance systems in response to pressures from three main sources. They must take into consideration the needs of local civilians, who can challenge rebel rule in various ways. They must deal with internal factions that threaten their control. And they must respond to the transnational actors that operate in most contemporary conflict zones. The development of insurgent governments can benefit civilians even as they enable rebels to assert control over their newly attained and sometimes chaotic territories.
Amaç: Bu çalışmada, 2012-2018 yılları arasında üniversite hastanesi acil servisine kene teması sonucu başvuran hastaların epidemiyolojik açıdan incelenmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve ...kesitsel nitelikteki bu çalışmada, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversite Hastanesi acil servisine 2012 ve 2018 tarihleri arasında kene teması şikayeti ile başvuran 1258 hastaya ait tıbbi veriler retrospektif olarak incelendi. Çalışmaya dahil edilen 840 hastaya ait veriler analiz edildi. Gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda Pearson Chi-Square testi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Hastaların 504’ü (%60) erkek, 336’sı (%40) kadın olup, yaş ortalaması 48,7±19,4 yıl idi. En çok başvuru yapılan ay %33,1 (n=278) ile Haziran ayı, en çok başvurulan yıl %34,3 ile 2014 yılı idi. Başvurular en sık %47,4 (n=398) ile ilçelerden olmuştu. Başvuruların %71,8’inde (n=603) kenenin hastanın kendisi veya yakını tarafından çıkartıldığı saptandı. Kene en sık %33,7 (n=283) ile alt ekstremiteyi tutmuştu. Acile başvuruların %55,1’inin (n=463) hastaneye yatırıldığı ve bunlardan 36’sının (%4,3) vefat ettiği tespit edildi. Mortalite açısından cinsiyet farkı yoktu (p=0,578). Lökopeni, trombositopeni ve anemi sıklığının yüksek olması ile mortalite düzeyi arasında anlamlı fark saptandı (p
Ecumenical activities in East and West Africa, though modest, represent significant strides for Christianity in the continent of Africa. The narrative in this article, deliberately tilted toward ...African agency, is an attempt to capture aspects of the story. It begins with the ecumenical liturgical performance of Catholic Kongo-Angola slaves soliciting Holy Communion from Anglican divines, in South Carolina, early in the eighteenth century. Its impact in the overall understanding of ecumenism from the African context is underlined. Next, the article shifts to eastern and western Africa, where a divisive colonial Christian agenda was propagated, and, at the same time, contained, thanks to the initiative of African leadership, guided by the Holy Spirit. Further samples of the Holy Spirit guiding the community to Christian unity are drawn from the witness of the Ugandan martyrs. The article also refers to the liturgical melding of Christian denominations in the Charismatic and Pentecostal patterns of worship as an important statement on liturgical ecumenism.
Resumo: À luz de aspectos fundamentais do pensar bantu-kongo e em consonância com pensadores contemporâneos, tais como Bunseki Fu-Kiau e Zamenga B., este artigo aspira a refletir acerca de ontologias ...distintas daquelas hegemônicas euro-ocidentais. Tais ontologias são vivenciadas em parte do continente africano e foram deslocadas para territórios afrodiaspóricos, como o Brasil, ainda que com adaptações, por meio de práticas cosmológicas que situam a ancestralidade em lugar central. As ideias de “mesmo pluriontológico” (conforme nós cunhamos, com base hermenêutica na filosofia kongo), opacidade (a partir da sugestão teórica de Édouard Glissant), estágios do cosmograma kongo, vazio, transmutação, inclinação à outridade, ciência do feitiço, sistema, entes ecológicos, inter-ações propõem possibilidades complexas de ser-viver, em relação, as quais se distanciam, radicalmente, de metafísicas e éticas desenvolvidas no seio do pensamento ocidental, assim como podem com elas dialogar, o que faz com que, ao pensar do lado da margem afrodiaspórica do Atlântico, consideremos as tensões entre esses distintos modos de pensar que ocupam espaços assimétricos nos construtos históricos.
Abstract: In light of fundamental aspects of Bantu-Kongo thinking and in line with contemporary thinkers, such as Bunseki Fu-Kiau and Zamenga B., this article aims to reflect on ontologies distinct from those of Euro-Western hegemony. Such ontologies are experienced in part of the African continent and have been moved to Afrodiasporic territories, such as Brazil, although with adaptations, through cosmological practices that situate ancestry in a central place. The ideas of “pluriontological sameness” (as we coin with a hermeneutic basis in Kongo philosophy), opacity (from Édouard Glissant’s theoretical suggestion), stages of the Kongo cosmogram, emptiness, transmutation, inclination towards otherness, science of sorcery, system, ecological entities, inter-actions propose complex possibilities of being-living, in relation, which are radically far from metaphysics and ethics developed in the heart of Western thinking, as well as can dialogue with them, which makes us, by thinking on the side of the Afrodiasporic margin of the Atlantic, consider the tensions between these different ways of thinking that occupy asymmetric spaces in historical constructs.
Purpose
Responsible sourcing of metals is characterized as an approach for life cycle management (LCM) and sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) of social issues. The focus is on the supply of ...“conflict minerals”—tin, tantalum, tungsten, and gold (3TG)—whose mining and trade are implicated in conflict and severe social conditions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Downstream manufacturers are using compliance strategies to reach multiple tiers and long distances into product chains to buy conflict-free sources of these metals from mines, smelters, and refineries.
Methods
The research uses qualitative methods and public documents to compare 16 conflict mineral programs. A theoretical framework in three dimensions guided the enquiry into program governance, program standards, and certification processes. Additional empirical analysis of the conflict-free sourcing program, the largest and most central industry-led effort on conflict minerals, was supported by confidential access to audit reports, company policies, and management procedures on more than 140 metallurgical facilities.
Results and discussion
In fewer than 4 years, conflict-free sourcing programs have impacted global 3TG metal supply chains, as indicated by pricing and significant producer compliance. Electronics, jewelry, and other manufacturers—many influenced by US conflict mineral regulation—are “pulling” metals markets for conflict-free sourcing. Private standard programs focus on product chain chokepoints to support efficient engagement: a limited number of 3TG facilities that are influenced to implement “responsibility management systems,” practice conflict-free sourcing, and undergo compliance audits. Some supply chains operate as closed pipelines along the full product chain from mine to end-product. Tantalum has been most successful as about 95 % of producers are compliant; however, for gold, in particular, the scale of compliance is challenged.
Conclusions
Downstream manufacturing industries are “governing at a distance” the management practices of upstream raw material producers. For LCM, responsible sourcing may be applicable to product chains with other metals and commodities. For SSCM, conflict-free sourcing indicates how compliance and supplier development strategies can penetrate multiple tiers into supply chains to address social issues in developing countries. Future research is needed on understanding more on supplier companies and their motivations and on sustainability performance outcomes for the conflict mineral problem.
Die Schlafkrankheit ist heilbar Offermanns, Heribert
Chemie in unserer Zeit,
06/2020, Letnik:
54, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Schon in einem frühen arabischen Werk von 1406 wird „illat elnom“, die Schlafkrankheit (Humane Afrikanische Trypanosomiasis, HAT) als Todesursache eines arabischen Fürsten erwähnt. Die ...Schlafkrankheit ist im zentralen Afrika – hauptsächlich in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo (Abbildung 1) – sehr weit verbreitet. Etwa 70 Millionen Menschen sind infektionsgefährdet, knapp eine Million Menschen sind infiziert, die Sterbequote liegt, falls nicht therapiert wird, bei 100 %. Zu größeren Epidemien kam es zum Beispiel zwischen 1898 und 1906 in Uganda, wo fast 200.000 Menschen der Krankheit zum Opfer fielen.
Cet article étudie les conséquences profondes
des bouleversements globaux des premières décennies du XIXe siècle sur le royaume du
Kongo, notamment le phénomène abolitionniste de la traite et
...l’Indépendance du Brésil. Nous voulons analyser comment des rois, des
princes et des officiers du Kongo ont essayé de manœuvrer en ces temps
troublés et de s’adapter à un contexte qui mettait à mal l’ancien modus operandi diplomatique
et économique entre le Kongo et le Portugal. Ces nouveaux rapports de
force et les tentatives des élites du Kongo pour conserver leur
pouvoir et souveraineté ont entraîné des malentendus et des situations
de violence. Nous allons nous pencher, spécifiquement, sur une étude
de cas : celui du prince du Kongo Aleixo Água Rosada – emblématique et
révélateur de la force du processus en cours et de son impact sur le
Kongo à l’aube du colonialisme.
Neste artigo,
analisaremos as consequências das turbulências das primeiras décadas
do século XIX: o fenômeno abolicionista, o « tráfico ilegal de
escravos » e a Independência do Brasil para o Reino do Kongo. Queremos
mostrar como os reis, príncipes e oficiais do Kongo tentaram navegar
neste momento de turbulência e se adaptar à medida que o velho modus operandi diplomático e
econômico deixou de funcionar neste novo Atlântico em rápida mudança.
As novas relações de poder e a ação das elites do Congo para tentar
manter seu poder e soberania geraram mal-entendidos e situações
violentas. Vamos nos dedicar a um estudo de caso específico, o do
Príncipe D. Aleixo do Kongo, personagem emblemático e revelador desses
processos de grande rapidez em andamento, e sua consequência no
período do alvorecer dos projetos coloniais europeus para África.
This article examines the
profound consequences of the global upheavals of the first decades of
the 19th century on the
Kongo kingdom, notably the abolitionist phenomenon of the slave trade,
and the Independence of Brazil. Our aim is to analyze how Kongo kings,
princes and officers tried to maneuver in these troubled times and
adapt to a context that challenged the old diplomatic and economic modus operandi between Kongo
and Portugal. These new power relations and the attempts of the Kongo
elites to keep their power and sovereignty led to misunderstandings
and violent situations. We will analyze a specific case study: that of
Kongo prince Aleixo Água Rosada – emblematic and revealing of the
strength of the process underway and its impact on Kongo at the dawn
of colonialism.
•Congolese coffee farmers have become the beneficiaries of many value chain development interventions, including the Kahawa Bora project.•Kahawa Bora is a Brand Aid form of value chain development ...intervention linking product, celebrity and cause.•Brand Aid partnerships have less beneficiary impact due to prioritizing interests of celebrities, business and development organizations.•Lead firms like Starbucks can govern a value chain through alliances with celebrities that are mainly responding to their strategic sourcing goals.
In spring 2016, Starbucks launched its first single-origin specialty coffee from South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This coffee was produced with support from a partnership known as Kahawa Bora—a value chain development intervention (VCDI) combining a coffee corporation (Starbucks), a celebrity (Ben Affleck) and a development agency (USAID). Moving from disengaged cause-marketing to engaged development interventions, these types of partnerships promise to help beneficiaries, provide good feelings to consumers and promote the brands of corporations and NGOs. This paper applies a value chain approach to the concept of ‘Brand Aid’ as a modality of development intervention to parse the possibilities and limitations of involving corporations and celebrities in development interventions and to address a considerable research gap on the local effects that Brand Aid partnerships have on their intended beneficiaries in the global South. On the basis of original data from fieldwork in DRC, a desk study and interviews with stakeholders of the project, we compare Kahawa Bora’s formation, development and outcomes to those of a more traditional and less glitzy VCDI that has been operating in the same areas of Eastern Congo. We find that Kahawa Bora has attracted considerably more attention than other VCDIs, with little to show in terms of coffee supply and tangible benefits to farmers. We conclude that while Brand Aid forms of VCDIs promise to ‘work aid out of business’, they actually serve the interests of business and celebrities, while their actual impact on the ground is limited and uncertain.
Display omitted
•Landfill leachate and sediments from lagoon receiving systems were assessed.•The ICP-MS and IC analysis revealed high values of dissolved ions and toxic metals.•Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb ...extremely polluted; Cu and Ni severe enrichment.•Leachates present highly toxicity for terrestrial and benthic organisms.
Management of municipal solid wastes in many countries consists of waste disposal into landfill without treatment or selective collection of solid waste fractions including plastics, paper, glass, metals, electronic waste, and organic fraction leading to the unsolved problem of contamination of numerous ecosystems such as air, soil, surface, and ground water. Knowledge of leachate composition is critical in risk assessment of long-term impact of landfills on human health and the environment as well as for prevention of negative outcomes. The research presented in this paper investigates the seasonal variation of draining leachate composition and resulting toxicity as well as the contamination status of soil/sediment from lagoon basins receiving leachates from landfill in Mpasa, a suburb of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Samples were collected during the dry and rainy seasons and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, soluble ions, toxic metals, and were then subjected to toxicity tests. Results highlight the significant seasonal difference in leachate physicochemical composition. Affected soil/sediment showed higher values for toxic metals than leachates, indicating the possibility of using lagoon system for the purification of landfill leachates, especially for organic matter and heavy metal sedimentation. However, the ecotoxicity tests demonstrated that leachates are still a significant source of toxicity for terrestrial and benthic organisms. Therefore, landfill leachates should not be discarded into the environment (soil or surface water) without prior treatment. Interest in the use of macrophytes in lagoon system is growing and toxic metal retention in lagoon basin receiving systems needs to be fully investigated in the future. This study presents useful tools for evaluating landfill leachate quality and risk in lagoon systems which can be applied to similar environmental compartments.
Didactische gids voor een brede blik in geschiedenisonderwijs
In het geschiedenisonderwijs in Vlaanderen wordt nog al te vaak een eurocentrisch perspectief gehanteerd. Dit eurocentrisch denken stelt ...voorop dat de belangrijkste ontwikkelingen in de wereldgeschiedenis te vinden zijn in de evolutie van de Europese en Westerse wereld, en gebruikt het Westen als maatstaf om andere beschavingen te beoordelen. De eurocentrische blik is het resultaat van de polariserende wig die vanaf het begin van de Europese koloniale expansie werd gedreven tussen the West and the rest . Een eurocentrisch denkkader is uiterst problematisch. Het belemmert een genuanceerde historiografische blik om vanuit verschillende perspectieven historisch te denken. Daarnaast dreigt ook de onwetendheid over andere culturen de vorming van een superioriteitsgevoel over de eigen geschiedenis te bevorderen. Dit derde volume in de reeks Historisch denken presenteert inhoudelijk-didactische alternatieven en toont hoe eurocentrisme kan worden overstegen. Case studies over Chinees-Westerse en Belgisch-Congolese geschiedenis maken dit concreet.
Eurocentrisch denken voorbij is een aanrader voor geschiedenisleerkrachten en historici en al wie geïnteresseerd is in de relatie tussen Westerse en niet-Westerse geschiedenis en in denken over cultuur en cultuurverschillen.
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