When nanoparticles enter the body, their interactions with cells are almost unavoidable. Unintended nanoparticle interaction with immune cells may elicit a molecular response that can have toxic ...effects and lead to greater susceptibility to infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer development. As evidenced by several studies, nanoparticle interactions with biological systems can stimulate inflammatory or allergic reactions and activate the complement system. Nanoparticles can also stimulate immune response by acting as adjuvants or as haptens. Immunosuppressive effects have also been reported. This article gives a brief review of in vitro and in vivo research evidencing stimulatory or suppressive effects of nanoparticles on the immune system of mammals. In order to ensure safe use of nanosized particles, future research should focus on how their physical and chemical properties influence their behaviour in the biological environment, as they not only greatly affect nanoparticle-immune system interactions but can also interfere with experimental assays
Ko nanodelci vstopijo v organizem, pridejo v kontakt s celicami imunskega sistema. Nezaželene interakcije nanodelcev z imunskim sistemom lahko sprožijo molekularni odziv, ki lahko pripelje do toksičnih učinkov in povečane dovzetnosti organizma za okužbe, avtoimunska obolenja ter razvoj raka. Dosedanje raziskave so pokazale, da nanodelci lahko sprožijo vnetne in alergijske reakcije, lahko pa tudi aktivirajo sistem komplementa. Nanodelci lahko delujejo kot adjuvansi ali kot hapteni. Obstajajo pa tudi poročila, ki kažejo na sposobnost nanodelcev, da zavrejo imunski odziv. V članku bomo povzeli ugotovitve dosedanjih raziskav in vitro ter in vivo, ki so bile narejene na področju proučevanja vplivov nanodelcev na stimulacijo ali supresijo imunskega sistema sesalcev. Za zagotovitev varne uporabe nanodelcev moramo razumeti kako fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti nanodelcev vplivajo na njihovo obnašanje v biološkem okolju. Lastnosti nanodelcev moramo upoštevati tudi ob izvajanju poskusov, da se izognemo lažnim rezultatom zaradi potencialne interference nanodelcev z dejavniki v eksperimentalnem okolju. Čeprav je bilo do sedaj narejenih že več nanotoksikoloških raziskav, je vpliv nanodelcev na imunski sistem še vedno slabo razumljen. Sposobnost nanodelcev za modulacijo imunskega odziva narekuje potrebo po nadaljnjih raziskavah interakcij nanodelcev z imunskim sistemom.
The effect of body condition score and body weight of Sanjabi ewes on immune system, productive and reproductive performance Total 80 Sanjabi ewes (2-5 years old and 50-85 weight domain) were ...selected in animal unit of Mehregan farm. The ewes were divided to 4 treatment groups according to body condition score of (2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 ≤). Blood samples were collected from non-pregnant ewes, then after mating, two weeks before expected lambing and at lambing day. Blood samples of newborn lambs were also taken from the jugular vein at birth and 7 days of age. The reproductive parameters such as number of lambs born per lambing, kg of lambs born per ewes mating, pregnancy period and lamb birth weight were determined. Some blood metabolites such as glucose, total protein, albumin and globulin were determined. The white blood cell and differential leukocyte counts were also measured. The result of this experiment indicated that BCS = 3 had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the kg lambs born per ewes. Ewes with BCS = 3 had a better performance in the percentage of lambs born per ewes at mating, while the lambing rate reduced in ewes with BCS of 3.5 or more. Birth weight of lambs was significantly affected by BCS of their ewes (P < 0.05). There was a significant effect of BCS on plasma FSH concentration in ewes with BCS more than 3 but no significant difference was seen in blood metabolite in this study. Colostrum productions and the lamb birth weights were affected by body condition score of ewes. The white blood cell counts, neutrophils and lymphocytes counts did not change between ewes and lambs. It is concluded that BCS had a significant effect on kg lambs born per ewes, birth weight of lambs, lambs weaning weight and colostrum productions (P < 0.05) and the score of 3 at mating time could optimize profitability of Sanjabi ewes.
Avtor v prispevku analizira zven pevcev, ki na izbranih historičnih posnetkih pojejo v slovenskem jeziku. Iz digitalnih presnetkov starih gramofonskih plošč (78 o/min) je s pomočjo zvenske analize ...mogoče, kljub slabši tehnični kakovosti posnetkov, dovolj zanesljivo sklepati o načinu fonacije takratnih pevcev in o estetskih značilnostih njihovega izvajanja ter to primerjati z njihovimi in našimi sodobniki.
The study aimed at examining morphometric differentiation in two Nigerian breeds of cattle using multifactorial discriminant analyses. Ten morphological traits (withers height, rump height, chest ...circumference, body length, face length, tail length, rump length, head width, rump width and shoulder width) of 224 Bunaji and 87 Sokoto Gudali cattle were measured. The animals, which were aged 2.5-3.6 years, were subjected to extensive management system. The linear type traits of Sokoto Gudali cattle were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of their Bunaji counterparts, with the exception of body length and face length respectively. The stepwise discriminant analysis gave a better resolution as only three variables, rump width, withers height and face length were more discriminating in separating the two cattle breeds. The Mahalanobis distance (7.19) between the two cattle populations was high and significant, which is an indication that they belong to genetically different groups. This was complemented by the result of the Nearest Neighbour Discriminant Analysis, where 85.48% of Bunaji cattle were classified into their source population while 96.55% of their Sokoto Gudali counterparts were correctly assigned into their source genetic group. The present phenotypic information will be the basis for the establishment of further characterization, conservation and selection strategies for the two Nigerian breeds of cattle.
V študiji smo z multivariatno diskriminantno analizo proučevali morfometrične razlike med dvema nigerijskima pasmama goveda. Merili smo deset morfoloških lastnosti (višina vihra, višina trupa, obseg prsi, dolžina telesa, dolžina glave, dolžina repa, dolžina trupa, širina glave, širina trupa in širina pleč) pri 224 živalih pasme "Bunaji" in 87 živalih pasme "Sokoto Gudali". Živali so bile v ekstenzivni reji, stare med 2,5 ter 3,6 leti. Izmerjene vrednosti za linearne lastnosti živali pasme "Sokoto Gudali" so bile statistično značilno večje (P < 0,05) kot pri živalih pasme "Bunaji", izjema sta bila le dolžina telesa in dolžina glave. Za doseganje boljše resolucije smo uporabili postopno diskriminantno analizo, ker so le tri spremenljivke, širina telesa, višina vihra in dolžina glave, omogočile zanesljivo ločevanje obeh pasem. Mahalanobijeva distanca (7,19) med obema pasmama je bila visoko statistično značilna, kar nakazuje, da populaciji pripadata različnim pasemskim skupinam. Te rezultate potrjuje tudi diskriminantna analiza najbližjih sosedov, kjer je bilo 85,48% "Bunaji" goveda razvrščenega v izvorno populacijo, medtem, ko je bil ta odstotek pri "Sokoto Gudali" pasmi še višji (96,55). Tako pridobljene fenotipske informacije bomo uporabili za še natančnejši opis, zaščito in oblikovanje rejske strategije obeh nigerijskih pasem goveda.
The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of linseed oil supplementation on performance, fatty acid composition and oxidative status of rabbits. Twelve male SIKA rabbits were ...divided into two groups. The control group (n = 4) received commercial diet and the linseed group (n = 8) received commercial diet containing 9% of linseed oil, which was sprayed onto the pellet. R abbits were slaughtered at 115 days of age, 52 days after the start of the experiment. Live weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were recorded. The fatty acid composition of muscle, adipose tissue and liver was determined by the in situ transesterification method and gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID). In order to evaluate the oxidative status of rabbits, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in plasma, liver and muscle were measured. The results show that it is possible to enhance proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in rabbit's muscle, adipose tissue and liver by adding linseed oil in the diet without detrimental effect on productive performance. Linseed oil addition improved fatty acid composition in all tissues by increased PUF A proportion and decreased proportion of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid. Linseed oil also reduced n-6/n-3 PUF A ratio in all tissues. However, linseed oil addition led to significantly higher MD A concentrations in plasma, liver and muscle. Since PUF A are highly susceptible to oxidation, further research is needed to focus on protecting animal and their products from lipid oxidation by adding various natural antioxidants to the diet.
V poskusu smo preučevali vpliv dodatka lanenega olja v krmo na proizvodne lastnosti, maščobnokislinsko sestavo in oksidacijski status kuncev. D vanajst kuncev slovenske mesne linije SIKA smo razdelili v dve skupini. Kontrolna skupina (n = 4) je uživala standardno krmo, poskusna skupina (n = 8) pa standardno krmo z dodatkom 9 % lanenega olja, ki smo ga nanesli na pelete. Kunce smo zaklali pri starosti 115 dni, 52 dni po začetku poskusa. V času poskusa smo zapisovali maso živali, prirast, zauživanje in izkoristek krme. M aščobnokislinsko sestavo mišic, maščobnega tkiva in jeter smo določili z in situ transesterifikacijo in kapilarno plinsko kromatografijo. Za določitev oksidacijskega statusa kuncev smo izmerili koncentracijo malondialdehida (MDA) v plazmi, jetrih in mišici. R ezultati so pokazali, da lahko z dodatkom lanenega olja v krmo kuncev povečamo delež n-3 večkrat nenasičenih maščobnih kislin (VNMK) v mišici, maščobnem tkivu in jetrih brez negativnih učinkov na proizvodne lastnosti. D odatek lanenega olja je izboljšal maščobnokislinsko sestavo s povečanjem deleža VNMK in zmanjšanjem deleža nasičenih in enkrat nenasičenih maščobnih kislin, kar je znižalo tudi razmerje n-6/n-3 VNM K v vseh tkivih. D odatek lanenega olja je značilno povečal koncentracijo MD A v plazmi, jetrih in mišici. Ker so VNM K zelo podvržene oksidaciji, so potrebne nadaljnje raziskave, v katerih se bo potrebno osredotočiti na zaščito živali in njihovih produktov pred lipidno oksidacijo z dodajanjem različnih naravnih antioksidantov v krmo.
This book is divided into two sections namely: synthesis and properties of herbicides and herbicidal control of weeds. Chapters 1 to 11 deal with the study of different synthetic pathways of certain ...herbicides and the physical and chemical properties of other synthesized herbicides. The other 14 chapters (12-25) discussed the different methods by which each herbicide controls specific weed population. The overall purpose of the book, is to show properties and characterization of herbicides, the physical and chemical properties of selected types of herbicides, and the influence of certain herbicides on soil physical and chemical properties on microflora. In addition, an evaluation of the degree of contamination of either soils and/or crops by herbicides is discussed alongside an investigation into the performance and photochemistry of herbicides and the fate of excess herbicides in soils and field crops.
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