As part of the territorial reorganization initiated under the Consulate, the law of 28 Pluviôse year VIII created the arrondissement, an intermediate administrative district between the department ...and the municipality, headed by a sub-prefect with whom sat a deliberative assembly, the arrondissement council. Although the arrondissement still exists today, its assembly disappeared after the law of 12 October 1940, which only suspended its sessions. If no text expressly suppressed the arrondissement councils, these assemblies, despite their limited activities concerned with local interests, were contested from the moment they were created, considered useless and insignificant, and ignored in the best cases. These assemblies disappeared with general indifference, because there was no room between the municipalities and the departments for an administrative district and not for a local authority with an elected assembly which could have challenge both the existence of thousands of municipalities and the authority of the departments, which continued to assert themselves as an essential collective body throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
Background: Malaysia is embarking on sustainable, resilient, and prosperous living conditions initiatives. Malaysian cities are embracing the smart city aspiration through their respective local ...authorities. However, they face challenges regarding funding allocation for smart city implementation. Local authorities primarily operate on a conventional business model. Based on their current business model, they are unlikely to sustain their smart city initiatives. A more financially sustainable business model is required by these local authorities to embark on smart city initiatives. This study presents a systematic review concerning the business models adopted by local authorities to implement smart cities. This paper also explores the applicability of frugal innovation towards developing a smart city business model.
Methods: This article undertakes a systematic review based on combination sets of eight main keywords: smart city, business model, frugal innovation, local authorities, performance, inclusivity, technology and success factor. The search strategy includes journal articles and conference proceedings from five major online databases: Emerald, ProQuest, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and Springer Link between 2001-2021. The data is tabulated for clear expression of knowledge gaps.
Results: A total of
17 articles from 300 articles on smart city business models matched the search on smart city business models for local authorities . The study revealed that hardly any in-depth research providing the crucial elements for a successful smart city business model for local authorities has been conducted. No research has linked frugal innovation to smart city business models.
Conclusions: The study calls upon the research community to explore further, the possible linkage between frugal innovation and smart cities for local authorities.
The abuse of children in sport has received considerable attention in recent years not least in the UK, where high-profile disclosures of abuse by former sports professionals have led to several ...independent inquiries and reviews. Subsequent public and media interest has focused on the potential scale of child abuse in sport. This scrutiny has highlighted how little data there are in this area, in a sector that thrives on statistics. This paper analyses official reports of child abuse in sport and leisure settings received by local authorities (LAs) in England during a five-year period (2010-2015) across a range of factors. Findings show that English LAs have varying capacity to provide data on sport/leisure contexts; receive substantively different volumes of reports of child abuse in sport/leisure; and record reports of sexual abuse in sport at higher levels than other forms of abuse. These data suggest that abuse in English sport is significantly underreported but that reports per annum increased over the period.
Transport holds the key to effective decentralization of responsibilities in England. But transport cannot be considered in isolation from other functions. It has close links with spatial planning ...and other environmental, economic and social activities and they must function together. Decentralization must take this on board for England as a whole. There should be combined authorities established throughout England that are viable and accountable to the areas they serve.
Studies on interactions between national parks and Indigenous Peoples in Indonesia have gained much attention in recent years, which mainly examine eviction, boundary disputes, and remediation. This ...research focuses on changing institutions since the establishment of Kelimutu National Park, foregrounding socio-cultural and livelihood impacts over time. This study involves in-depth interviews, FGDs, and observations from April to May 2019 and revisiting in November 2021. Findings highlight changing traditional institutions (Mosalaki) uprooted by the formal National Park governing authority. Such transitions also shift governing authority over natural resources access and control in ways that negatively affect the livelihoods of the Lio people of Kelimutu.
•Some of the greatest potential of the UGAs is found in their regional ambition.•Ability differences between municipalities help explaining implementation barriers.•UGA can be an intervening stage ...preventing meta-policy from being toothless locally.•It is important that UGAs create governance arenas with internal accountability.
•Intensive green roof performs better than extensive green roof from environmental aspect.•Extensive green roof provides better economic performance than intensive green roof.•Lower roof slope degree ...increases green roof efficiency in storm water runoff reduction.•Cost of vegetation is higher compared to cost of substrate depth and roof slope.
People migration to urban region have created dense opaque urban landscape which generates high volume of storm water runoff and frequent flash flood episodes. This has caused tremendous damages and loss to the nation. Local authority has to spend greatly to repair damages caused by this disaster. Studies have proven that green roof acts as an efficient green infrastructure to control storm water runoff and hindrance flash flood occurrences. However, the worth of implementing green roof for the local authority remains unrevealed. This study prompts to assess the economic worth of implementing green roof for the local authority using costs benefits analysis. Overall, extensive green roof provides better cost benefits ratio than intensive green roof whereby the benefit is 1.2–3.5 times larger than green roof cost. Roof slope contributes the highest benefit ratio for intensive green roof at 2 times higher than minimum cost. Meanwhile, vegetation provides the largest benefit ratio for extensive green roof at 4.2 times larger than minimum cost. Green roof has proven to be worthy for local authority from the economic and environment aspects. This is significant in creating a new pathway to encourage sustainable practice among local authority thus serve national sustainable development agenda.
This article compares private-led development with public-led development within the private-public partnership approach framework in the growth process of Ruwa Town in Zimbabwe. The comparison gives ...insights into the best alternatives to post-colonial urban development in Zimbabwe in general and Ruwa Town in particular at a time when the government of Zimbabwe is contemplating adopting the private-public partnership approach to urban development. Ruwa has been involved in a transition in urban development approach, from public-led development to private-led development. The town is outstanding for involving private land developer companies (PLDCs) in developing its urban infrastructure. The companies were invited by the public sector to create a partnership in service provision and infrastructure development. Upon entering the land market in Ruwa, from 1987, the companies bought land from commercial farmers around the town which they developed into residential, commercial and industrial areas before selling it to individuals and other entrepreneurs. Public-led development in Ruwa was driven by the Government and the Ruwa Town local authorities, and these public entities developed their own industrial areas and residential parks. In comparing private- and public-led developments, the article uses qualitative research methods to derive research data
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The comparison proves that the companies were more effective in providing quality infrastructure. Although the companies had some shortcomings which retarded growth in the area, the article argues that they were the most appropriate vehicles of transformation in Zimbabwe’s urban development process from a public-led approach to a neo-liberal approach.
There is growing international interest in the impact of regulatory controls on the supply of housing. Most research focuses on the supply impacts of prescribed limits on land use but housing supply ...may also be affected by the process of planning monitoring and approval but this is hard to measure in detail. The UK has a particularly restrictive planning regime and a detailed and uncertain process of development control linked to it, but does offer the opportunity of detailed site-based investigation of planning delay. This paper presents the findings of empirical research on the time taken to gain planning permission for selected recent major housing projects in southern England. The scale of delay found was far greater than is indicated by average official data measuring the extent to which local authorities meet planning delay targets. Hedonic modelling indicated that there is considerable variation in the time it takes local authorities to process planning applications. Housing association developments are processed more quickly than those of large developers and small sites appear to be particularly time-intensive. These results suggest that delays in development control may be a significant contributory factor to the low responsiveness of UK housing supply to upturns in market activity.
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