Reaction of {LiC6H2−2,4,6‐Cyp3⋅Et2O}2 (Cyp=cyclopentyl) (1) of the new dispersion energy donor (DED) ligand, 2,4,6‐triscyclopentylphenyl with SnCl2 afforded a mixture of the distannene ...{Sn(C6H2−2,4,6‐Cyp3)2}2 (2), and the cyclotristannane {Sn(C6H2−2,4,6‐Cyp3)2}3 (3). 2 is favored in solution at higher temperature (345 K or above) whereas 3 is preferred near 298 K. Van't Hoff analysis revealed the 3 to 2 conversion has a ΔH=33.36 kcal mol−1 and ΔS=0.102 kcal mol−1 K−1, which gives a ΔG300 K=+2.86 kcal mol−1, showing that the conversion of 3 to 2 is an endergonic process. Computational studies show that DED stabilization in 3 is −28.5 kcal mol−1 per {Sn(C6H2−2,4,6‐Cyp3)2 unit, which exceeds the DED energy in 2 of −16.3 kcal mol−1 per unit. The data clearly show that dispersion interactions are the main arbiter of the 3 to 2 equilibrium. Both 2 and 3 possess large dispersion stabilization energies which suppress monomer dissociation (supported by EDA results).
Use of the dispersion energy donor (DED) ligand, C6H2−2,4,6‐Cyp3, affords an equilibrium mixture of the distannene {Sn(C6H2−2,4,6‐Cyp3)2}2, and cyclotristannane {Sn(C6H2−2,4,6‐Cyp3)2}3, which suppresses monomer dissociation. Multinuclear NMR and computational analyses indicated that DED interactions are the main arbiter of the dimer‐trimer thermal interconversion.
PurposeThe South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLaM BRC) Case Register and its Clinical Record Interactive Search (CRIS) application ...were developed in 2008, generating a research repository of real-time, anonymised, structured and open-text data derived from the electronic health record system used by SLaM, a large mental healthcare provider in southeast London. In this paper, we update this register's descriptive data, and describe the substantial expansion and extension of the data resource since its original development.ParticipantsDescriptive data were generated from the SLaM BRC Case Register on 31 December 2014. Currently, there are over 250 000 patient records accessed through CRIS.Findings to dateSince 2008, the most significant developments in the SLaM BRC Case Register have been the introduction of natural language processing to extract structured data from open-text fields, linkages to external sources of data, and the addition of a parallel relational database (Structured Query Language) output. Natural language processing applications to date have brought in new and hitherto inaccessible data on cognitive function, education, social care receipt, smoking, diagnostic statements and pharmacotherapy. In addition, through external data linkages, large volumes of supplementary information have been accessed on mortality, hospital attendances and cancer registrations.Future plansCoupled with robust data security and governance structures, electronic health records provide potentially transformative information on mental disorders and outcomes in routine clinical care. The SLaM BRC Case Register continues to grow as a database, with approximately 20 000 new cases added each year, in addition to extension of follow-up for existing cases. Data linkages and natural language processing present important opportunities to enhance this type of research resource further, achieving both volume and depth of data. However, research projects still need to be carefully tailored, so that they take into account the nature and quality of the source information.
This study investigates performance of portfolios composed of British socially responsible investments (SRI) stocks. Using the 'Global-100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World' list (known also ...as 'Global-100') to select the SRI companies, we found that, in the period 2000-2010, the returns of the SRI portfolios were on average higher compared with the corresponding returns of the market indexes. The annual average difference in returns of the SRI portfolios (with dividends) was 5.26 % and 5.69 % relative to the FTSE100 and FTSE4GOOD indexes (the total return versions), respectively, but the differences in returns in the whole period, in individual years and in other sub-periods were in most cases not statistically significant. Positive performance of SRI stocks in the whole sample is, however, evidenced by risk-adjusted measures such as the modified Sharpe ratio (MSR) and certainty equivalent (CEQ) returns, as well as by incorporating various levels of transaction costs. Furthermore, a simple trading strategy relying on selection of SRI stocks from the Global-100 list would beat the market indexes in the whole period 2000-2010, even after inclusion of various levels of transaction costs. We also estimated the Fama-French and Carhart multi-factor models and found that the returns of the SRI portfolios cannot be consistently explained by conventional factors other than the market factor.
The levels of eight organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in air and soil samples collected at Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard during the Chinese Scientific Research Expedition to the ...Arctic during 2014–2015. The concentrations of total OPEs (∑OPEs) ranged from 357 pg/m3 to 852 pg/m3 in the air and from 1.33 ng/g to 17.5 ng/g dry weight (dw) in the soils. Non-Cl OPEs accounted for 56 ± 13% and 62 ± 16% of ∑OPEs for the air and soil, respectively. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was the dominant compound in the air, with an average concentration of 180 ± 122 pg/m3. Triphenyl phosphate, tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and TCEP were the most abundant OPEs in the soils, with mean values of 1.77, 2.13, and 1.02 ng/g dw, respectively. Compared with the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers found in Arctic regions in previous studies, OPEs showed significantly higher concentrations, thereby indicating the large production and wide usage of OPEs globally. In addition, the fugacity fraction results indicated that net deposition from air to soil was dominated in the area. Overall, the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in the air and soils in the Arctic region indicated that OPEs can undergo long-range atmospheric transport and accumulate in remote regions.
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•The concentrations of OPEs in soils were higher than those of PBDEs in Arctic.•Net deposition of OPEs from air to soil was dominated in the area.•OPEs can undergo long-range atmospheric transport and accumulate in Arctic.
OPEs can undergo long-range atmospheric transport and accumulate in remote regions.
This study provides evidence on the potential benefits of mandatory environmental reporting for listed firms’ market valuation. It takes advantage of recent regulation that requires all listed firms ...in the UK to report their annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in their annual reports and shows that the magnitude of the negative association between GHG emissions and the market value of listed firms decreased after the introduction of the reporting regulation. This decline is attributed to regulation forestalling shareholders’ negative reflexive reaction toward firms’ carbon disclosures, as proposed by the theoretical work of Unerman and O’Dwyer (2007).
In recent years Vauxhall in south London has been transformed and rebranded as an urban leisure zone for gay men. Disused railway arches and warehouses have been converted into nightclubs and a ...significant night-time economy has developed rivalling Soho's existing gay village. However, with its commodified forms of public sex and high levels of recreational drug use, Vauxhall's club scene looks rather different from the British gay villages of the 1990s. This article examines how the area's nightlife entrepreneurs have capitalised on the recent liberalisation of licensing laws while drawing on the historical associations with the Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens (1660-1859) in attempts to market the area as a site of embedded hedonism. Overall, the aesthetic and cultural themes of Vauxhall's club scene seem to contradict earlier assumptions about the desexualisation and sanitisation of contemporary gay culture.
Summary We used Comparative Risk Assessment methods to estimate the health effects of alternative urban land transport scenarios for two settings—London, UK, and Delhi, India. For each setting, we ...compared a business-as-usual 2030 projection (without policies for reduction of greenhouse gases) with alternative scenarios—lower-carbon-emission motor vehicles, increased active travel, and a combination of the two. We developed separate models that linked transport scenarios with physical activity, air pollution, and risk of road traffic injury. In both cities, we noted that reduction in carbon dioxide emissions through an increase in active travel and less use of motor vehicles had larger health benefits per million population (7332 disability-adjusted life-years DALYs in London, and 12 516 in Delhi in 1 year) than from the increased use of lower-emission motor vehicles (160 DALYs in London, and 1696 in Delhi). However, combination of active travel and lower-emission motor vehicles would give the largest benefits (7439 DALYs in London, 12 995 in Delhi), notably from a reduction in the number of years of life lost from ischaemic heart disease (10–19% in London, 11–25% in Delhi). Although uncertainties remain, climate change mitigation in transport should benefit public health substantially. Policies to increase the acceptability, appeal, and safety of active urban travel, and discourage travel in private motor vehicles would provide larger health benefits than would policies that focus solely on lower-emission motor vehicles.
•Qualitative research with residents relocating from London.•Residents observe features of their new environment and make efforts to change their travel behaviour.•Some residents maintain their ...previous travel behaviour, such as driving or using public transport.•Some residents complement their behaviour by changing their travel time and or travel mode.•Some residents change their behaviour by learning to drive or cycle.
Qualitative research with residents relocating from London was undertaken to develop an understanding of how and to what extent a change in the residential environment affected people’s travel behaviour and attitudes. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and was thematically analysed. The findings reveal that when in a new location, residents observe the features of their built environment, identify the cause of their stress, and make efforts to address it with a change in travel behaviour. The key contribution of this study is the realisation of different levels of travel behaviour in response to a change in residential location – some residents maintained their travel behaviour, some complemented it, while some changed their behaviour to adapt to their new built environment. Theoretically, this research contributes to the extension of knowledge on travel behaviour as it focuses on suburbanising Londoners; the qualitative method adopted for this research also contributes to current knowledge. Practically, there is the potential of developing a travel behaviour change initiative around ridesharing and policy changes and initiatives to improve physical planning and sustainable travel.
The Pursuit of Pleasure presents the figures of the rambler and the cyprian, the Eighteenth Century precursors to the Parisian flGneur and prostitute. The urban spaces traced by these figures were ...the clubs, sporting venues, operas, assembly rooms, streets and arcades of central London.Drawing on critical theory, geography and philosophy, The Pursuit of Pleasure extends and critiques the discipline of architectural history from a feminist perspective. The gendering of public space is considered to be a complex and shifting series of moves and looks between men and women, constructed and represented through spatial and social relations of consumption, display and exchange.Illustrated with contemporary prints and drawings, The Pursuit of Pleasure is an extraordinarily rich analysis of the gendered issues of public space at the birth of the modern metropolis.
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