The Bradley-Terry model for paired comparisons is a simple and muchstudied means to describe the probabilities of the possible outcomes when individuals are judged against one another in pairs. Among ...the many studies of the model in the past 75 years, numerous authors have generalized it in several directions, sometimes providing iterative algorithms for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates for the generalizations. Building on a theory of algorithms known by the initials MM, for minorization-maximization, this paper presents a powerful technique for producing iterative maximum likelihood estimation algorithms for a wide class of generalizations of the Bradley-Terry model. While algorithms for problems of this type have tended to be custom-built in the literature, the techniques in this paper enable their mass production. Simple conditions are stated that guarantee that each algorithm described will produce a sequence that converges to the unique maximum likelihood estimator. Several of the algorithms and convergence results herein are new.
La ricerca si focalizza sullo sviluppo di una metodologia scientifica per la creazione di copie di beni culturali senza riduzione di scala, in grado di simulare le qualità fisiche dei materiali ...originali come il marmo, per consentire una fruizione multisensoriale. Utilizzando tecnologie innovative e tecniche tradizionali, il processo inizia con un rilievo massivo, identificando un modello digitale di riferimento. Successivamente, la costruzione di un “nuovo originale” tramite stampa 3D in PLA e scialbatura apre la strada alla creazione di copie mediante colatura con una miscela cementizia in grado di simulare la materialità del marmo. La scelta dei materiali, sottoposti a test percettivi e termici, gioca un ruolo cruciale nella scelta del materiale da utilizzare per la replicazione delle caratteristiche dell’originale. La validazione dei risultati geometrici dimostra la compatibilità dei modelli fisici con l'obiettivo della ricerca. In ultimo, lo studio introduce il concetto di “livello di attendibilità metrica” come parametro essenziale per la validazione scientifica dei risultati. La ricerca, svolta con la collaborazione della Soprintendenza Speciale Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio di Roma e della Pontificia Commissione per l’Archeologia Sacra, si concentra sulla copia della Testa di Sant’Elena nel Mausoleo di Sant’Elena a Roma, evidenziando l’applicabilità della metodologia proposta nel contesto del patrimonio culturale.
•LUCE increased by 1284.78×104 tons from 2000 to 2020.•LCES scenario decreased LUCE with 128.74 × 104 tons than that in BAU scenario.•Area and management of arable land, forest land and construction ...land should be regulated.•The policy effectiveness and adaptation to local conditions should be ensured.
This study investigated the spatiotemporal variation of historical and future land-use carbon emission (LUCE) in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou metropolitan circle, China, to obtain policy implications for low carbon and ecological security by simulating land use change under low carbon and ecological security (LCES) scenario and business as usual (BAU) scenario in 2030. Our results showed that: (1) Under LCES scenario, the area of arable land and construction land was 1.17% and 0.40% less than that under BAU scenario, whereas the area of forest land was 1.90% more than that. (2) LUCE increased by 1284.78×104 tons totally in 2000–2020. Whereas under LCES scenario, LUCE was 128.74×104 tons less than that under BAU scenario, and the carbon absorption of forest land increased by 24.90×104 tons. (3) At city scale, LUCE in cities followed the order of Quanzhou>Zhangzhou>Xiamen in 2000–2030. The county scale witnessed rapid-growth and heavy LUCE in coast over time. LUCE at grid scale showed an expansion from coast to inland all the time, but it was alleviated under LCES scenario. The quantity and spatial structure of land use types should be optimized, and low-carbon and ecological classification management should be implemented at arable land, forest land and construction land strictly.
Alison Stone offers a feminist defence of the idea that sexual difference is natural, providing a novel interpretation of the later philosophy of Luce Irigaray. She defends Irigaray's unique form of ...essentialism and her rethinking of the relationship between nature and culture, showing how Irigaray's ideas can be reconciled with Judith Butler's performative conception of gender, through rethinking sexual difference in relation to German Romantic philosophies of nature. This is a sustained attempt to connect feminist conceptions of embodiment to German idealist and Romantic accounts of nature. Not merely an interpretation of Irigaray, this book also presents an original feminist perspective on nature and the body. It will encourage debate on the relations between sexual difference, essentialism, and embodiment.
Abstract
We provide two characterizations, one axiomatic and the other neuro-computational, of the dependence of choice probabilities on deadlines, within the widely used softmax representation
...$$\begin{align*}
p_{t}\left( a,A\right) =\dfrac{e^{\frac{u\left( a\right) }{\lambda\left(
t\right) }+\alpha\left( a\right) }}{\sum_{b\in A}e^{\frac{u\left(
b\right) }{\lambda\left( t\right) }+\alpha\left( b\right) }},
\end{align*}$$
where $p_{t}\left( a,A\right)$ is the probability that alternative $a$ is selected from the set $A$ of feasible alternatives if $t$ is the time available to decide, $\lambda$ is a time-dependent noise parameter measuring the unit cost of information, $u$ is a time-independent utility function, and $\alpha$ is an alternative-specific bias that determines the initial choice probabilities (reflecting prior information and memory anchoring).
Our axiomatic analysis provides a behavioural foundation of softmax (also known as Multinomial Logit Model when $\alpha$ is constant). Our neuro-computational derivation provides a biologically inspired algorithm that may explain the emergence of softmax in choice behaviour. Jointly, the two approaches provide a thorough understanding of softmaximization in terms of internal causes (neuro-physiological mechanisms) and external effects (testable implications).
Conservation focuses on environmental objectives, but neglecting social concerns can lead to feelings of injustice among some actors and thus jeopardise conservation aims. Through a case study on a ...biodiversity conflict around jaguar management in Southern Mexico, we explored actors' feelings of injustice and their associated determinants. We employed a framework distinguishing four dimensions of justice: recognition, ecological, distributive and procedural. By conducting and analysing 235 interviews with farmers and ranchers, we investigated what drive their feeling of injustice, namely their perceptions of the injustice itself, individual characteristics and interactions with their environment. The participants selected 10 statements representing criteria characterizing their feeling of justice toward jaguar management, which they compared using pair-wise comparisons. A pioneering statistical analysis, BTLLasso, revealed that self-interest assumptions were not upheld; feelings of injustice were only weakly influenced by experience of depredation. Feelings of injustice were influenced mainly by factors related to actors' intra-and inter-group relationships (e.g. perception of collective responsibility, perceived coherence in the group to which they identified). This nuanced understanding of how people build their perception of justice can inform fairer and more effective conservation approaches. Whilst details will be context specific, it emerged that building relationships and enabling debate over ecological responsibilities are important and conservation efforts should go beyond merely offering financial compensation. We conclude that perception of justice is a neglected but important aspect to include in integrative approaches to managing biodiversity conflicts, and that novel mixed methods can advance both conceptual and applied understanding in this area.
•Using criteria of justice offers a nuanced understanding of perceptions of fairness.•BTLLasso analysis reveals priorities and trends among factors affecting fairness.•Farmer's experience of depredation has only a limited effect on fairness perception.•Actors' relationships and identities help explain fairness perception variability.•Both self-interest and group identity are important in achieving fair conservation.
In Virginia Woolf’s texts, images abound of women seeing themselves reflected in the metaphorical mirror. While reading Between the Acts, I began to ask the meaning of this recurring motif and ...Woolf’s aesthetic treatment of it. The mirror reflections in Between the Acts, associated with the male gaze, often demonstrate ideas of women’s being. The female characters do so by reifying certain social patterns and positing same-laden social identities such as “a mother of two children,” the “wife of stockbroker,” or “Sir Richard’s daughter.” However, they simultaneously feel intruded on and violated by looking at their own images in the mirror, since they have to become what the male subjects want to see―objects. Moreover, they seem to desperately find the possibility that their selfhood can be interspersed not with the rule of “sameness” in the male-dominated representative system but with the rule of “difference” by imagining what the other side of the mirror might be. In this paper, I explore how Woolf demonstrates the issues of women looking at themselves in the mirror in Between the Acts and the correlation of that conception with their sense of frustration, anxiety, and fear by using various feminist theories such as Luce Irigaray, Elizabeth Grosz, Julia Kristeva and Kaja Silverman, etc. For this, I divide my discussion into three parts: the relationship between the reflection in the looking-glass and the male gaze, the issue of the deficiency of female language, and Luce Irigaray’s and other’s feminist theory and its solution for it.
RANDOM CHOICE AS BEHAVIORAL OPTIMIZATION Gul, Faruk; Natenzon, Paulo; Pesendorfer, Wolfgang
Econometrica,
September 2014, Letnik:
82, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We develop an extension of Luce's random choice model to study violations of the weak axiom of revealed preference. We introduce the notion of a stochastic preference and show that it implies the ...Luce model. Then, to address well-known difficulties of the Luce model, we define the attribute rule and establish that the existence of a well-defined stochastic preference over attributes characterizes it. We prove that the set of attribute rules and random utility maximizers are essentially the same. Finally, we show that both the Luce and attribute rules have a unique consistent extension to dynamic problems.
There is increasing recognition in management and organization studies of the importance of materiality as an aspect of discourse, while the neglect of materiality in post-structuralist management ...and organization theory is currently the subject of much discussion. This article argues that this turn to materiality may further embed gender discrimination. We draw on Luce Irigaray’s work to highlight the dangers inherent in masculine discourses of materiality. We discuss Irigaray’s identification of how language and discourse elevate the masculine over the feminine so as to offer insights into ways of changing organizational language and discourses so that more beneficial, ethically-founded identities, relationships and practices can emerge. We thus stress a political intent that aims to liberate women and men from phallogocentrism. We finally take forward Irigaray’s ideas to develop a feminist écriture of/for organization studies that points towards ways of writing from the body. The article thus not only discusses how inequalities may be embedded within the material turn, but it also provides a strategy that enriches the possibilities of overcoming them from within.
PDF
