The maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) is a widely utilised metric in positron emission tomography/computed tomography for clinically staging non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet the ...reliability of SUVmax remains controversial. We herein aimed to assess the effectiveness of semi-quantitative parameters, encompassing size, SUVmax, metabolic tumour volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and heterogeneity factor (HF), in evaluating both primary tumours and lymph nodes (LNs) on positron emission tomography/computed tomography. A novel scoring system was devised to appraise the role of semi-quantitative parameters and visually evaluate LNs for nodal staging.OBJECTIVEThe maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) is a widely utilised metric in positron emission tomography/computed tomography for clinically staging non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet the reliability of SUVmax remains controversial. We herein aimed to assess the effectiveness of semi-quantitative parameters, encompassing size, SUVmax, metabolic tumour volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and heterogeneity factor (HF), in evaluating both primary tumours and lymph nodes (LNs) on positron emission tomography/computed tomography. A novel scoring system was devised to appraise the role of semi-quantitative parameters and visually evaluate LNs for nodal staging.Patients with pathological NSCLC, diagnosed between 2014 and 2019 and clinically staged I-III, were enrolled in the study. Patient demographics, including age, sex, tumour location, diameter, tumour-node-metastasis stage, as well as SUVmax, MTV, TLG and HF parameters of primary tumours and LNs, were documented.MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients with pathological NSCLC, diagnosed between 2014 and 2019 and clinically staged I-III, were enrolled in the study. Patient demographics, including age, sex, tumour location, diameter, tumour-node-metastasis stage, as well as SUVmax, MTV, TLG and HF parameters of primary tumours and LNs, were documented.The analysis comprised 319 patients and 963 LNs. Patients had a mean age of 61.62 years, with 91.5% being male. Adenocarcinoma exhibited a histological association with LN metastasis (P=0.043). The study findings revealed that tumour size, SUVmax, MTV, TLG and HF did not significantly affect the detection of LN metastasis. Conversely, non-squamous cell carcinoma, LNs exhibiting higher FDG levels than the liver, LN size, SUVmax, MTV and TLG were identified as risk factors (P<0.0001). The identified cut-off values were 1.05cm for LN size, 4.055 for SUVmax, 1.805cm3 for MTV and 5.485 for TLG. The scoring system incorporated these parameters, and visual assessment indicated that a score of ≥3 increased the risk of metastasis by 14.33 times.RESULTSThe analysis comprised 319 patients and 963 LNs. Patients had a mean age of 61.62 years, with 91.5% being male. Adenocarcinoma exhibited a histological association with LN metastasis (P=0.043). The study findings revealed that tumour size, SUVmax, MTV, TLG and HF did not significantly affect the detection of LN metastasis. Conversely, non-squamous cell carcinoma, LNs exhibiting higher FDG levels than the liver, LN size, SUVmax, MTV and TLG were identified as risk factors (P<0.0001). The identified cut-off values were 1.05cm for LN size, 4.055 for SUVmax, 1.805cm3 for MTV and 5.485 for TLG. The scoring system incorporated these parameters, and visual assessment indicated that a score of ≥3 increased the risk of metastasis by 14.33 times.We devised a novel scoring system and demonstrated that LNs with a score of ≥3 in patients with NSCLC have a high likelihood of metastasis. This innovative scoring system can serve as a valuable tool to mitigate excessive and extreme measures in the assessment of invasive pathological staging.CONCLUSIONWe devised a novel scoring system and demonstrated that LNs with a score of ≥3 in patients with NSCLC have a high likelihood of metastasis. This innovative scoring system can serve as a valuable tool to mitigate excessive and extreme measures in the assessment of invasive pathological staging.
Solar energy‐driven CO2 reduction and H2 evolution is considered as a very promising pathway to address energy shortage and environmental issues. Multivariate metal organic frameworks (MTV‐MOFs) as a ...class of distinctive crystal porous materials are assembled from different metals or different ligands via one pot reaction or postsynthesis approach. Recently, MTV‐MOFs have gathered significantly interest in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction and H2 evolution owing to their excellent structural stability, tailorable light‐absorption, and catalytic abilities. In this review, incorporating different functional ligands or metals into the parent MOFs are focused on to boost the photocatalytic performance of MTV‐MOFs. First, the synthesis and unique advantages of MTV‐MOF‐based photocatalysts are introduced. Next, an overview on the recent advance on MTV‐MOFs for solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion is summarized into three main categories, consisting of mixed‐metal MOFs, mixed‐ligand MOFs, and mixed‐metal and mixed‐ligand MOFs. Finally, future perspectives and challenges in CO2 conversion and H2 evolution over MTV‐MOF‐based photocatalysts are presented.
Multivariate metal organic frameworks (MTV‐MOFs) consist of mixed‐metal MOF, mixed‐ligand MOF, and mixed‐metal and mixed‐ligand MOF, assembled from different metals or different ligands via one pot reaction or postsynthesis approach. Upon visible light irradiation, the photocatalytic CO2 reduction and H2 evolution can be achieved over MTV‐MOF photocatalysts and further regulated by introduction of heterometals or functional ligands.
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•A magnetic multivariate MOF was synthesized by one-pot mixing ligand strategy.•95.7 %BTB/MOF-525@Fe3O4 was used as sorbent for adsorption and removal of bisphenols.•Maximum ...adsorption capacities ranging from 233.6 to 302.1 mg·g−1 for bisphenols.•The HPLC coupling with MSPE possesses low LODs with magnetic MTV-MOF as sorbent.•Sorbent exhibits excellent reusability with above 80% recovery after 21 times reuse.
Herein, a magnetic multivariate metal–organic framework (MTV-MOF) named as 95.7 %BTB/MOF-525@Fe3O4 was synthesized by one-pot mixing ligand strategy. The magnetic MTV-MOF exhibited large specific surface area (320 m2·g−1) and high porosity. The 95.7 %BTB/MOF-525@Fe3O4 was used as sorbent for extraction and enrichment of bisphenol pollutants (BPs). The experimental results demonstrated that adsorption kinetics and isotherms conform to pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities for bisphenol F, bisphenol A, bisphenol B, bisphenol AF were 275.1, 233.6, 302.1 and 277.2 mg·g−1, respectively. With 95.7 %BTB/MOF-525@Fe3O4 as sorbent, the magnetic solid phase extraction coupling HPLC was used to detect trace BPs in environmental water. The limits of detection were determined as between 0.067 and 0.167 ng·mL−1. The enrichment factors were in the range of 242–295. The recoveries were ranged from 79.4 to 103 % with relative standard deviations not higher than 8.85 %. In addition, the recovery rate of sorbent remained above 80 % after 21 times of reuse. The work provides an effective material for extraction and removal of BPs in the environment.
•Proposing an effective multi-trial vector approach (EMTV) armed by diversity maintaining.•Developing a diversity-maintained differential evolution algorithm (DMDE) using EMTV.•Introducing an ...archiving mechanism to keep solutions and enhance population diversity.•Introducing a mechanism to track individuals' behavior and enrich population diversity.•DMDE is competitive to solve non-decomposition large-scale and real-world problems.
DE algorithms have outstanding performance in solving complex problems. However, they also have highlighted the need for an effective approach to alleviating the risk of premature convergence and loss of population diversity, particularly for non-decomposition large-scale global optimization (N-LSGO) problems. In this study, first, the multi-trial vector (MTV) approach is improved by adding a population diversity component, then, a diversity-maintained multi-trial differential evolution (DMDE) algorithm is proposed using the improved approach for N-LSGO problems. The DMDE algorithm produces solutions during six phases: initializing, subpopulation constructing, movement, evaluating and updating, archiving, and diversity maintaining. In initializing, the population is located in the search space and partitioned into three subpopulations using a success-rate based policy. Then, the subpopulations are independently evolved using the proposed meaningful search strategies to decrease the risk of stagnation. The DMDE algorithm introduces an archiving mechanism to maintain population diversity, which prevents premature convergence. Finally, the individuals' behavior is analyzed using the diversity maintaining phase, and those dimensions that have lost their diversity will be enriched. The effectiveness and scalability of the DMDE algorithm are evaluated using benchmark functions CEC 2018 with dimensions 30, 50, and 100 and CEC 2013 with dimension 1000 as LSGO problems. Moreover, the performance of the proposed algorithm was statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank sum, ANOVA, and the Friedman tests. In addition, the applicability of the DMDE was assessed by solving seven well-known real-world problems including large-scale problems selected mostly from test-suite CEC 2020. In all experiments and tests, several well-known and N-LSGO algorithms have competed with DMDE through which the comparison results prove that the proposed DMDE algorithm is superior to competitor algorithms.
•Magnesium-Gadolinium alloy is innovatively utilized for the fuel of Mg-base ignition charge.•As the fuel, Mg-Gd alloy powder exhibits its better oxidation resistance than Mg powder.•MGTV can stably ...combust at 0.03 MPa, while MTV can only combust at 0.05 MPa.•The burning rate and radiation properties of MGTV are enormously higher than MTV.•The improved combustion property is due to the highest melting and boiling points of Gd.
The present work aims at improving the combustion properties of Mg-based ignition charge at low ambient pressure. An innovative idea of using the alloy powder of Magnesium-Gadolinium as the fuel in Mg/Teflon/Viton (MTV) has been experimented with. EXPLO5 was initially used to theoretically investigate the combustion properties of MTV under low ambient pressure. The combustion properties of Mg-Gd alloy/Teflon/Viton (MGTV) at pressures of 0.1, 0.07, 0.05, 0.03, and 0.01 MPa were investigated with MTV and Mg-Al alloy/Teflon/Viton (MATV) set as the controls. The radiation properties of MGTV in the open air were studied employing a far-infrared thermal imager, and the heats of combustion and explosion were investigated by a calorimeter. Furthermore, thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC) was conducted on Mg-Gd alloy and MGTV samples. X-ray diffraction studies were performed on the residue of MGTV after the calcination at 700 and 1000 °C. The results showed that as the fuel, Mg-Gd alloy powder exhibits its best oxidation resistance than Mg and Mg-Al alloy powders. MGTV could stably combust at the pressure of 0.03 MPa, while the controls could only combust stably at 0.05 MPa. The burning rate of MGTV was, respectively, 62 and 25% higher than that of MTV at 0.1 and 0.05 MPa. The flame area, radiation intensity, and radiation energy of MGTV in the open air were, respectively, 68%, 237% and 102% higher than those of MTV and commensurate with MATV. However, the heats of combustion and explosion of MGTV was the least. Further investigation showed that the MGTV could react with O2 at the temperature of 700 °C. The key to improve the burning characteristics was the melting and boiling points of Gd. The combustion mechanism of MGTV was also proposed.
In oncological imaging, the use of metabolic tumor volume (MTV) for further prognostic differentiation and the development of risk adapted strategies appears promising. The aim of this analysis was ...to evaluate ultra-high definition (UHD) and ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) PET/CT reconstructions for their potential impact on different methods of MTV measurement.
We analyzed positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) scans of 40 Hodgkin lymphoma patients before first-line treatment who had undergone fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT. The MTVs were determined taking an SUV of 4.0 (MTV4.0) as a fixed threshold or 41% of the single hottest voxel (MTV41%) as an adaptive threshold for automated lymphoma delineation in both UHD and OSEM reconstructions.
We then compared the absolute and relative differences between MTV4.0 and MTV41% in UHD and OSEM reconstructions. The relative distribution of MTV4.0 and MTV41% in relation to the reconstruction method applied was recorded and respective differences were tested for statistical significance using the paired sample t-test.
A comparison of MTV4.0 and MTV41% showed smaller relative and absolute differences in MTV between different reconstruction settings for the MTV4.0 method. Conversely, the absolute as well as the relative differences between MTVs obtained from different reconstructions settings were significantly greater when the MTV41% method was applied (p < 0001).
MTV4.0 brings higher robustness between different reconstruction settings, while with MTV41% the deviation between volumes obtained with different reconstruction settings is greater. For clinical routine and for multicenter settings, the MTV4.0 therefore appears most promising.
Scheme 1. Illustration of the synthetic route of TpBD-CF3(x)SO3H(1-x) (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1) and the adsorption process of FQs.
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•Fluorinated/sulfonated dual-functional ...three-component COP was prepared.•The three-component COP shows high removal performance for FQs.•The three-component COP can also be used for enrichment of FQs in water samples.•Electrostatic interaction and F-F affinity greatly contribute to the adsorption of FQs.
Due to the low performance of traditional water treatment methods, the effective removal of fluoroquinolone (FQs) is of great significance for environmental protection. Based on the structural characteristics of FQs, a fluorinated/sulfonated dual-functional three-component covalent organic polymer COP, named TpBD-CF3(0.25)SO3H0.75) was deliberately designed via Schiff reaction, which attempted to realize high removal performance of FQs from different environmental water samples. The results of adsorption performance showed that TpBD-CF3(0.25)SO3H(0.75) could realize high removal performance of FQs via synergistic effect of electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, F-F affinity, π-π and hydrophobic interactions. The adsorbent exhibited fast adsorption rate (can reach adsorption equilibrium in 10 min) and high removal efficiency (> 90 %) for the four concerned FQs, and their adsorption capacity ranged from 65 to 81 mg/g. The results of adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherm consistently showed that the adsorption of FQs was chemical adsorption. The removal efficiencies of FQs in different water samples were all above 90 % after treated by the adsorbent. The adsorbent has good reusability, and the removal efficiency decreased only by 1 %−4 % after four adsorption–desorption cycles. In addition, the adsorbent has the potential to be used for enrichment of trace FQs in aqueous samples.
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