This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of mange in sheep in Anbar province by examining 462 heads of sheep. The disease was diagnosed by examining the skin scraping taken from the ...infected animals in the laboratory. The results showed that sheep were infected with Sarcoptes scabiei parasite, and the total infection rate was 34.6%, and no significant difference was recorded between males 34% and females 35.2%, the highest rate was recorded in the month of January %56 and the lowest in the month of August 13.1%, and the highest rate of infection was 49% in sheep at the age of 6 months - 2 years and significant differences for the rest of the ages. Head and neck lesions recorded the highest infection rate of 28.7 and 34.3% respectively. The study also included the effect of the crude watery extract of Onobrychis ptolemaica on the parasite, concentrations of 2.5-10 mg/ml have significantly affected parasites, it was noted the greater the concentration, the greater the effect during the different treatment periods. The highest concentration of 10 mg /ml resulted in the disappearance of all scabies parasites on day 14 of the treatment. Results showed sheep infection in Anbar province with mange in both sexes, high incidence of infection in young ages, high rate of infection in the winter months, and head lesions recorded the highest percentage of infection, the results showed the effect of concentrations of the crude watery extract of Onobrychis ptolemaica plant largely on the parasite.
•The majority of 38.6 million heads of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the world occur in Africa.•Camels represent the first source of food and income for millions of pastoralists.•Surra in ...camels is one of the most important constraints in the economy of many African populations.•We argue that control of surra in Africa is affordable and recommend using the PCP approach.•We also propose that methods to control gastrointestinal parasitosis and sarcoptic mange will support improved surra control in camels.
With an increasing worldwide population that presently exceeds 38 million, camels are important source of meat, milk, and transportation of goods, in many regions of the world. Camels are particularly critical in the northern parts of Africa, above the tsetse belt. However, camel breeding areas are expanding into southern areas, under the pressures of global warming, leading to increasing risk of acquiring parasitic infections in these non-traditional ecotypes. Common biting flies (tabanids, stomoxyine flies, and Hippobosca camelina) act as mechanical vectors, resulting in exposure to trypanosomosis (Trypanosoma evansi; Surra) and high camel morbidity and mortality. In these regions, complicating infections with other Trypanosoma may also occur, particularly Trypanosoma vivax. In many modern camel-breeding areas, human populations are living under political upheaval (terrorism, riots), poverty, and precarity (drought, climate modification). Hence, control and/or elimination of Surra in camels would be beneficial to the economies of these populations. Due to the relatively straightforward epidemiology (single parasite with seasonal transmission in a single host species), control of Surra in Africa is affordable and should be based on implementing: (1) national veterinary services capabilities; (2) efficient diagnosis and control methods; (3) joint integrated control of Surra, gastrointestinal helminthoses (mainly haemonchosis), and sarcoptic mange. We propose that methods to control two economically-critical disease problems, gastrointestinal parasitosis and sarcoptic mange, will support improved Surra control in camels. Aided by decision-makers and donors, elimination of Surra could improve camel health and productivity, and stabilize camel-rearing in regions of the world that suffer from political instability and global warming pressures.
Abstract
Some pathogens sustain transmission in multiple different host species, but how this epidemiologically important feat is achieved remains enigmatic. Sarcoptes scabiei is among the most host ...generalist and successful of mammalian parasites. We synthesize pathogen and host traits that mediate sustained transmission and present cases illustrating three transmission mechanisms (direct, indirect, and combined). The pathogen traits that explain the success of S. scabiei include immune response modulation, on-host movement capacity, off-host seeking behaviors, and environmental persistence. Sociality and host density appear to be key for hosts in which direct transmission dominates, whereas in solitary hosts, the use of shared environments is important for indirect transmission. In social den-using species, combined direct and indirect transmission appears likely. Empirical research rarely considers the mechanisms enabling S. scabiei to become endemic in host species—more often focusing on outbreaks. Our review may illuminate parasites’ adaptation strategies to sustain transmission through varied mechanisms across host species.
Sarcoptic mange is a debilitating disease that affects bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). One of the drugs currently used for treatment is moxidectin, as it has a relatively high efficacy against ...endo and ectoparasites and side effects are uncommon in domestic species, thus it is considered a relatively safe drug to use at the recommended doses. Developing further understanding of the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin will aid in developing treatment regimens for sarcoptic mange in wombats. Here we analyzed the pharmacokinetic parameters of using 100 ml of moxidectin (5 g/l) applied topically. We found that mean peak plasma concentration was 0.50 ng/ml and half-life was 8 days. Moxidectin was excreted in scats with the mean peak concentration of 2461.43 ng/g (on a dry matter basis). Our study has provided the pharmacokinetic parameters of a commonly used treatment for sarcoptic mange in wombats. There were no adverse side effects recorded in the wombats after applying moxidectin topically. This study replicated real-world conditions using topical application on free-living wombats. The relatively low plasma concentration suggests the drug is not accumulating in the blood stream and is excreted via scats.
•Maximum peak plasma concentration of a single topical dose of moxidectin was 0.50 ng/ml in wombats.•Mean peak concentration of moxidectin in scats of 2461.43 ng/g (on a dry matter basis).•No abnormal behaviors were observed in wombats post-administration.
This article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of the preparation, namely Akarostop, with the active substance amitraz and the excipient dimethyl sulfoxide. The research was conducted with ...the involvement of pets kept in the private sector and housing (dogs and cats). All research results were controlled by observation of the clinical condition of animals and microscopy of scrapings from the affected areas of the skin and ears. The presence of live mites was determined by lightly warming up the slide. The effectiveness of the drug against sarcoptic mange was established in the treatment of 13 dogs, which were treated once a day with a 3 days interval. Clinical signs of the disease began to resolve in 5–9 days after the first application of the drug, which was manifested by the disappearance of hyperemia, a decrease in exudation, and crusting. The efficiency after two treatments was 40%. On the 21st day before applying the drug, single inactive ticks were found in 5 out of 13 animals in their skin scrapes. The efficacy of the drug against Notoedres in cats was determined, which were treated once a day with a 3 days interval. After 8 days of the treatment in cats' skin scrapings, dead mites and single live ones were found, and on the 13th day crusts dried out, fell away, skin became pale pink and dry. The recovery of animals was observed gradually: on the 13th day it amounted to 33%, on the 17th day – 55%, and residually on the 21st day. Thus, the 100% therapeutic efficacy of the drug Acarostop has been established for the five-time treatment of cats against Notoedres. The efficacy of the preparation for otodectosis of dogs and cats was determined by applying 2–3 drops of the drug into the cleaned ear. Clinical signs of the disease 3–4 days after the first application of the drug began to disappear, which was manifested by the disappearance of hyperemia, a decrease in exudation, falling off crusts, and the absence of itching. On days 5 to 9 from the beginning of treatment all animals recovered, which was confirmed by clinical and laboratory tests. After the tests, the animals continued to be observed and no relapses were found within 4 weeks. In the future, we plan to conduct research on an acaricidal preparation with an improved composition and effect, namely, antipruritic, anti-inflammatory and regenerating effect.
This article describes two cases of notoedric mange concurrent with aelurostrongylidosis in two domestic-owned cats from a rural environment in Romania. Two European shorthair cats originating from ...the same litter were referred to our clinic, at 2 months apart, with a history of skin lesions, pruritus, weight loss, and respiratory signs. Cats lived mainly outdoor together with the queen and a third littermate. The latter two expressed the same clinical signs and had died before the presentation of the first cat. None of the four cats was vaccinated, dewormed, or treated for external parasites. Coat brushing, skin scrapings, skin cytology, earwax direct microscopic examination, and coproparasitological techniques (flotation and Baermann methods) were used as laboratory procedures. A blood sample was also collected for hematology, blood biochemistry, and feline immunodeficiency virus/feline leukemia virus (FIV/FeLV) test.
Notoedres cati
mites in high numbers were identified by all complementary tests, alongside fleas and
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
first-stage larvae. The blood analysis revealed neutrophilia, and the FIV/FeLV fast test was negative. The cats were successfully treated off-label with selamectin spot-on formulation (Stronghold
®
, Zoetis) three times at 1- or 4-week intervals. Furthermore, they were treated with amoxicillin trihydrate/clavulanic acid, housed indoor, and fed with a commercial diet. Before presentation to the clinic, the female cat was unsuccessfully treated with a combination of fipronil, S-methoprene, eprinomectin, and praziquantel. During this period, the female cat remained outdoor and fed with home wastes. The cats become negative for
A. abstrusus
L1 larvae after 2–4 months of treatment. The owners developed pruritic skin lesions 1 month after introducing the first cat in the house. In conclusion, notoedric mange and aelurostrongylidosis can be treated successfully with selamectin as a spot-on formulation and the treatment must be continued until no parasite will be detected through specific techniques. The success of treatment depends on improving the quality of animal life (nutrition and hygiene) and treatment of secondary complications.
Fox-derived Sarcoptes scabiei mites caused an outbreak of mange on a farm in Switzerland in 2018. Pruritic skin lesions suggestive of S. scabiei mite infestation developed in 4 humans who had direct ...contact with affected farm animals but not foxes. Sarcoptic mange is continuously spreading; such outbreaks affecting humans could start occurring more frequently.
Ear mange is an annoying problem for all animal breeders including rabbit's breeders. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of moxidectin and 10% propolis ointment on rabbits infested with ...Psoroptes cuniculi with especial reference to some related biochemical parameters diagnostic and prognostic value. For this purpose, a total of thirty-two rabbits: 8 non-infested rabbits (control group (CG) and 24 naturally infested rabbits were used. Infested rabbits were equally divided into three groups: 1st group remained without treatment (diseased group (DG)), 2nd group was treated with moxidectin ((0.2 mg/kg body weight) S/C (MG)). Propolis ointment (10%) was applied topically to rabbits of the 3rd group (PG) once daily. Ear scrapes and blood samples were taken on 0, 7, 14 and 21 days. The ear scraping was examined microscopically and the biochemical parameters were estimated and statistically analyzed. The results cleared that moxidectin achieved the complete healing (14th day) faster than propolis ointment (21st day), but MG suffered from a significant (P<0.05) hypoalbuminemia, increased liver and kidney function tests and cortisol levels when compared to PG. Liver and kidney function tests and cortisol yielded good values of the area under the curve, sensitivity%, specificity%, likelihood ratio, PPV%, NPV%, accuracy rate% in DG, MG (except creatinine) and PG. The study concluded that propolis had a prominent antipsoroptic effect without inducing hepatic or renal toxicity. Liver and kidney function tests and cortisol may be useful markers for rabbit mange diagnosis and prognosis and following up its treatment.
PDF
