The renaissance of classical realism in International Relations (IR) has highlighted the close historical and conceptual connection between realism and liberalism. In this essay, I consider an ...underexplored epistemological dimension of this connection using Karl Mannheim’s Ideology and Utopia – an influential work for classical IR realists and an important treatise on political theory in its own right. Based on Mannheim’s argument, I make the case that (a certain kind of) liberalism is the telos of (a certain kind of) realism: that the natural endpoint of the inherent logic of realism is a form of liberalism. I argue that completing the epistemological and political critique that leads to realism by also putting the realist position itself under (self-)examination, unearths a liberal outlook as its foundation. Explicating this dialectic adds a new dimension to the many other points of contact between realism and liberalism that have been explored by IR scholars in recent years, and it provides a new link between this scholarship and the literature on the epistemological foundations of classical realism. Finally, the essay is an argument for a closer engagement with Mannheim in an IR context, both as a philosopher of knowledge and as a political thinker.
There has been a resurgence of interest in the role of scientific knowledge and expertise in International Relations, but it is not clear what the theoretical value-added of this work is. This ...article places recent work on scientific knowledge and expertise in a longer-term perspective. The history shows that knowledge has played an important role in International Relations theory since Carr and Morgenthau, but that thinking has been trapped within a simple conceptual framework centered on tracing how knowledge shapes the beliefs and interests of international subjects. This mode of theorizing first entered International Relations via Mannheim and has been further developed by Foucauldian and practice-based approaches since the 1990s. Outlining the history of knowledge from Carr through Haas to the present makes it possible to identify the distinctive contribution of recent work: whereas International Relations has focused on how knowledge shapes subjects such as states and international organizations, recent work by Corry, Sending, and others reorients International Relations to the constitution of governance objects. On the object-centered view, knowledge plays a key role in the construction of the hybrid entities like the economy and the climate that structure the landscape of international politics.
El presente artículo propone estudiar cómo es conceptualizado el problema de las masas en la obra de Gino Germani. Sus objetivos consisten, primero, en precisar y ubicar tal problemática en el ...conjunto de la obra; luego, analizar la relación que se establece entre la conceptualización de las masas y el “peronismo”; por último, estudiar la relación/tensión que existe entre las masas y las élites, reparando especialmente en la influencia que Germani recibe de Karl Mannheim. Se concluye que, para Germani, la vía peronista a la integración de las masas implica la restricción de las libertades individuales.
This article aims to study how the problem of the masses is conceptualized in the work of Gino Germani. Its objectives are, first, to specify and locate such a problem in his whole work, then to analyze how the relationship between the masses and Peronism is conceptualized and, finally, to study the relationship/tension between the masses and the elites, paying special attention to Karl Mannheim’s influence on Germani. It is concludes that, for Germani, the Peronist path toward the integration of the masses implies the restriction of individual liberties.
Lehrkräfte sind wesentliche Verantwortungsträger*innen für die Realisierung schulischer Inklusion. Der Lehrkräftebildung obliegt es, Studierende aller Lehramtsstudiengänge auf die Annahme der ...Herausforderung schulischer Inklusion vorzubereiten und Ausbildungsstrukturen sowie -inhalte inklusionsorientiert zu adaptieren. Die vorliegende Studie leistet hierzu einen Beitrag, indem sie aus Gruppendiskussionen mit Studierenden des sonderpädagogischen und des gymnasialen Lehramts rekonstruiert, wie diese Inklusion als Herausforderung der schulischen Handlungspraxis im Verlauf ihres Studiums antizipieren und bearbeiten. Dazu wird untersucht, über welches konjunktive Erfahrungswissen die Studierenden zu Inklusion verfügen, wie sich dieses im Verlauf des Studiums verändert und ob Unterschiede zwischen den Studierenden des sonderpädagogischen und des gymnasialen Lehramts zu rekonstruieren sind. (DIPF/Orig.)
Mannheim introduced the concept of a pair of curves, called as Mannheim partner curves, in 1878. Until now, Mannheim partner curves have been studied widely in the literature. In this study, we take ...into account of this concept according to Positional Adapted Frame (PAF) for the particles moving in the 3-dimensional Euclidean space. We introduce a new type special trajectory pairs which are called Mannheim partner P-trajectories in the Euclidean 3-space. The relationships between the PAF elements of this pair are investigated. Also, the relations between the Serret-Frenet basis vectors of Mannheim partner P-trajectories are given. Afterwards, we obtain the necessary conditions for one of these trajectories to be an osculating curve and for other to be a rectifying curve. Moreover, we provide an example including an illustrative figure.
Abstract
Many argue that work motivation varies with year of birth, suggesting the utility of generational labels such as Z, Y, X, or Baby Boomer. This article tests this generational hypothesis by ...using multilevel regressions with data from 584,217 individuals sampled by the Integrated Values Survey in 113 countries over more than 30 years. The results show that the importance of work first increases and then decreases with an individual’s age and that the importance of work tends to decrease for everyone with the passing of historical time. These age and period effects make later-born generations seem work averse, while birth year and thus generational membership hardly explain work motivation after accounting for age and period effects. The article also tests whether ten other work-related attitudes can be explained through generational membership. The results suggest that the historical time period and an individual’s life course explain work motivation and work attitudes better than generational membership. This life course and historical explanation is suggested as an alternative to the generational hypothesis of work motivation and attitudes that prevails in much of the literature.
This article first examines the role of the concept of generation in Pierre Bourdieu’s work. It shows that Bourdieu’s usage of the concept of generation varied throughout his œuvre and that Bourdieu ...seldom if ever used the concept in the same sense as Karl Mannheim and many subsequent sociologists who have understood generation as a potential source of identity and political mobilization. However, and second, the article argues that Bourdieu’s sociology does have much to offer for the sociological study of generations, but only if we stop concentrating on those rare passages in which he explicitly used the word ‘generation’. We should focus instead on his more general approach to the genesis of social groupings, classification struggles and the difficult relationships of representation. The application and extension of Bourdieu’s ideas demonstrated here can provide a welcome antidote to so-called generationalism – a simplified and exaggerated picture of generations, which dates back to early 20th-century European intellectuals and which can still be found in today’s popular discourses as well as in academic studies.
Several receptors for nongenomically initiated actions of progesterone (P4) exist, namely membrane-associated P4 receptors (MAPRs), membrane progestin receptors (mPRs), receptors for neurosteroids ...GABAA receptor (GABAAR), NMDA receptor, sigma-1 and -2 receptors (S1R/S2R), the classical genomic P4 receptor (PGR), and α/β hydrolase domain-containing protein 2 (ABHD2). Two drugs related to this field have been approved: brexanolone (Zulresso™) for the treatment of postpartum depression, and ganaxolone (Ztalmy™) for the treatment of CDKL5 deficiency disorder. Both are derivatives of P4 and target the GABAAR. Several other indications are in clinical testing. CT1812 (Elayta™) is also being tested for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in Phase 2 clinical trials, targeting the P4 receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1)/S2R complex. In this Review, we highlight emerging knowledge on the mechanisms of nongenomically initiated actions of P4 and its derivatives.
The progesterone (P4) receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1)/sigma-2 receptor (S2R) complex may be of clinical significance in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. It is targeted by a small molecule (Elayta™), which is being tested in clinical trials. Furthermore, PGRMC1 shows promising preclinical results in several other indications, including the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.Membrane progestin receptors have also been shown to be involved in a multitude of different physiological functions. Information on the critical residues required for P4 binding to the receptor is available, although a translational outcome is still lacking.In the field of neurosteroids, brexanolone (Zulresso™) and ganaxolone (Ztalmy™) have been approved for the treatment of postpartum depression and CDKL5 deficiency disorder, respectively. Several other indications are being tested clinically.α/β Hydrolase domain-containing protein 2 (ABHD2) has been identified as a new P4 receptor; in addition to its role in the activation of CatSper, it also appears to be involved in several other nongenomic P4 actions.
Le monde tel qu’il sera en l’an 3000, écrit par Émile Souvestre en 1845, est volontiers considéré comme la première dystopie française. Il inaugure en effet cette pratique qui consiste à projeter ...dans le futur une situation contemporaine exacerbée de manière à lui donner valeur d’alarme. Or, ce voyage dans le temps participe d’une tradition qui voit utopies et dystopies s’interpeller et se poser en interlocutrices des sciences sociales et politiques. Le monde tel qu’il sera… peut ainsi être appréhendé comme une réponse aux constructions doctrinales qui manifestent une foi inébranlable en l’avenir. Car, comme Saint-Simon, Souvestre considère que le progrès technique ne peut mener à l’avènement de la cité idéale que s’il est conjugué à un progrès moral, auquel il entend contribuer en montrant à ses contemporains les conséquences désastreuses à long terme de la doxa providentialiste qui domine ce milieu du XIXe siècle.
Our conceptual paper argues that the COVID-19 pandemic has created conditions for the constitution of a new historical generation in Mannheimian terms. Current attempts in the sociology of youth to ...reconcile structure and agency with the concept of generation provide good starting points for interpreting a historical event such as the COVID-19 pandemic. While generations are not to be understood as homogeneous groups, constituting events can be compared to an asteroid that changes the trajectory of each social group. Thus, the concept of asteroid-effect helps us to overcome oversimplifying generational interpretations and to examine the effects of generation-forming events with an eye on structural inequalities. Our study provides an overview of the classical generational theory of Mannheim in light of some contemporary approaches. Based upon existing information, we illustrate how the generation-forming events can be interpreted and how structural inequalities can be considered.
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