It is expected that the number of elected female mayors in local government will increase globally, yet no major progress has been registered lately despite the increased focus on the topic. At the ...European level, no country exceeds 40% female mayors or other leaders of the municipal council (or equivalent), with the highest descriptive representation of 39.1% in Iceland. Following the 2020 elections in Romania, only around 5% of mayors were female with a strong over-representation of male mayors. The current study aims to analyze the male–female distribution of mayors, the degree of re-election, the relationship between the number of candidates and re-election of incumbents, and how these factors impact female political representation at the local level in Romania. Thus, we argue that a high degree of re-election of incumbents may be a barrier to women’s access to the position of mayor. In addition, it is important to determine whether female incumbents are as successful as their male counterparts in being re-elected. While there is an extensive body of literature on incumbency that covers a range of topics, there is a gap in the literature regarding the proposed subject. The present research aims to fill the gap and contribute to a better understanding of the political representation of women in Eastern Europe. We utilized a dataset of Romanian elections from 2008 to 2020 to test our hypotheses. Our findings indicate that during the studied period, more than 95% of mayors were male, the re-election was a frequent occurrence in Romania with a percentage ranging from 70.82% (2008–2012) to 72% (2012–2016 and 2016–2020), and female incumbents were just as likely to be re-elected as their male counterparts.
El Inventario de Subjetividad Sexual Femenina (ISSF) consta de 20 items distribuidos en cinco factores que evaluan: la autoestima sexual, placer propio, placer con pareja, autoeficacia y ...autorreflexion sexual. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y examinar las propiedades psicometricas del ISSF. La muestra consistio en 278 mujeres adultas ecuatorianas. Los cuestionarios se administraron en formato online. Se realizaron analisis de items, analisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), se proporcionaron evidencias de fiabilidad y evidencias de validez al examinar las asociaciones con variables sociodemograficas, asi como con la autoconciencia sexual y la insatisfaccion con la imagen corporal. A traves del AFC, se confirmo una estructura de cinco factores en el que se eliminaron los items 1 y 6. En relacion a las variables sociodemograficas, las mujeres de mayor edad indicaron mayor autoeficacia sexual, en tanto que las mujeres que se encontraban en una relacion indicaron menor autoeficacia sexual y mayor placer obtenido de la pareja. Los factores del ISSF se asociaron con la insatisfaccion con la imagen corporal y la autoconciencia, en concreto, quienes informaron de mayor subjetividad sexual estaban mas satisfechas con su cuerpo e informaron de menor autoconsciencia sexual. La fiabilidad fue adecuada, oscilando los valores alfa de Cronbach entre .74 y .86. Este estudio enfatiza la necesidad de reexaminar la estructura y las propiedades psicometricas de los instrumentos cuando son aplicados en otro contexto o cultura. Se ofrecen evidencias de validez y fiabilidad para el uso del ISSF en mujeres ecuatorianas. PALABRAS CLAVE Inventario de Subjetividad Sexual Femenina, validez, fiabilidad, funcionamiento sexual, mujeres The Female Sexual Subjectivity Inventory (FSSI) consists of 20 items that represent three principal elements distributed into five factors that assess: Sexual body-esteem, Pleasure-self, Pleasure-partner, Self-efficacy, and Sexual Self-reflection. The goal was to adapt and examine the psychometric properties of the FSSI. The sample consisted of 278 Ecuadorian adult women. Item analysis, confirmatory factorial analysis, reliability, and evidence for validity were provided by examining associations with socio-demographic variables as well as with body image dissatisfaction and sexual self-consciousness. Using a confirmatory factor analysis, we confirmed a five-factor structure in which items 1 and 6 were deleted. Regarding socio-demographic factors, older women indicated greater sexual self-efficacy, while the women involved in longer relationships indicated less sexual self-efficacy and more entitlement from their partners. The FSSI-factors were associated with body image dissatisfaction and self-consciousness, which revealed that the women reporting greater sexual subjectivity also reported less body dissatisfaction and lower self-consciousness. The reliability of this 18-item version was good, and Cronbach's alpha values ranged from .74 to .86. This study emphasises the need to re-examine the structure and psychometric properties of measures when applied to another context or culture. We provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the FSSI for Ecuadorian women. KEYWORDS Female Sexual Subjectivity Inventory, validity, reliability, sexual functioning, women
Using micro land leasing data and detailed individual information of mayors in 285 Chinese prefecture-level cities, we investigate the impacts of collusion between local government officials and ...enterprises on local land supply structure. The findings suggest that, after controlling for mayors' and cities' characteristics, mayors with local working experience prefer to lease more industrial land than foreign mayors. Meanwhile, there is significant heterogeneity among different cities: in cities where the price of commercial & residential land is much higher than industrial land, local mayors prefer to lease commercial & residential land for higher fiscal revenue. On the contrary, local mayors pursue to the long-term sustainable tax revenue by colluding with industrial firms in less developed cities. Besides, we find that the older and fast-retired local mayors, who ever had worked as deputy mayors for a long time, would eagerly collude with real estate enterprises to lease commercial & residential land for short-term return. The findings of this paper are of great policy significance for the current land leasing of local government in countries like China.
•We examine the impacts of government-enterprise collusion on land supply structure.•Micro land leasing data and detailed individual information of mayors are used.•Mayors with local working experience prefer to lease more industrial land.•Price gap between commercial & residential land and industrial land is one reason.•Choice of short-term and long-term goals by local governments is another reason.
Using slow sand filters on a small scale, their decontaminating effect was tested. The work was carried out with the objective of eliminating the contamination of the effluents from the oxidation ...lagoons of two sugar mills "Carlos Baliño" and "Melanio Hernández". The effluents were taken in the central region of the country (Santo Domingo, Villa Clara and Tuinicú, Sancti SpÃritus). The decontaminating effect of effluents from oxidation ponds after their passage through a slow sand filter in cascades was tested for different investigated treatments. The effluents were diluted in distilled water in the following proportions: T1 (10%), T2 (25%), T3 (50%), T4 (75%), T5 and T6 (undiluted). In the effluents, the following were determined: their physicalchemical and microbiological characteristics, before and after their passage through the slow sand filters. In most of the effluents evaluated, both their physical-chemical characteristics and the microbial load showed a notable reduction; obtaining values below the indicators allowed by current Cuban standards (NC-27: 2012; NC-1095: 2015 and NC-855: 2011). Keywords: Oxidation Ponds, Physical-Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics, Slow Sand Filters. Utilizando filtros lentos de arena a pequeña escala se probó su efecto descontaminante. El trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de eliminar la contaminación de los efluentes de lagunas de oxidación de dos Centrales Azucareros "Carlos Baliño" y "Melanio Hernández". Los efluentes fueron tomados en la región central del paÃs (Santo Domingo, Villa Clara y Tuinicú, Sancti SpÃritus). Se probó el efecto descontaminante de efluentes de lagunas de oxidación posterior a su paso por un filtro lento de arena en cascadas ante diferentes tratamientos investigados. Los efluentes fueron diluidos en agua destilada en las siguientes proporciones: T1(10%), T2(25%), T3 (50%), T4 (75%), T5 y T6 (no diluidos). En los efluentes, se determinaron: sus caracterÃsticas fÃsico-quÃmicas y microbiológicas, anteriores y posteriores a su paso por los filtros lentos de arena. En la mayorÃa de los efluentes evaluados, tanto sus caracterÃsticas fÃsico-quÃmicas, como en la carga microbiana se obtuvo una reducción notable; obteniendo valores por debajo de los indicadores permitidos por las normas cubanas vigentes (NC-27: 2012; NC-1095: 2015 y NC-855: 2011). Palabras clave : lagunas de oxidación, caracterÃsticas fÃsico-quÃmicas y microbiológicas, filtros lentos de arena.
Using slow sand filters on a small scale, their decontaminating effect was tested. The work was carried out with the objective of eliminating the contamination of the effluents from the oxidation ...lagoons of two sugar mills "Carlos Baliño" and "Melanio Hernández". The effluents were taken in the central region of the country (Santo Domingo, Villa Clara and Tuinicú, Sancti SpÃritus). The decontaminating effect of effluents from oxidation ponds after their passage through a slow sand filter in cascades was tested for different investigated treatments. The effluents were diluted in distilled water in the following proportions: T1 (10%), T2 (25%), T3 (50%), T4 (75%), T5 and T6 (undiluted). In the effluents, the following were determined: their physicalchemical and microbiological characteristics, before and after their passage through the slow sand filters. In most of the effluents evaluated, both their physical-chemical characteristics and the microbial load showed a notable reduction; obtaining values below the indicators allowed by current Cuban standards (NC-27: 2012; NC-1095: 2015 and NC-855: 2011).
China's extremely high levels of urban air, water and greenhouse gas emission levels pose local and global environmental challenges. China's urban leaders have substantial influence and discretion ...over the evolution of economic activity that generates such externalities. This paper examines the political economy of urban leaders' incentives to tackle pollution issues. We present evidence consistent with the hypothesis that both the central government and the public are placing pressure on China's urban leaders to mitigate externalities. Such "pro-green" incentives suggest that many of China's cities could enjoy significant environmental progress in the near future.
