The identity of Islamic cities is distinctly manifested through their congregational mosques, primarily characterized by their continuous and stable function, epitomized by the five daily ...congregational prayers. The performance of a mosque is intricately linked to a set of religious, organizational, structural, and economic determinants. and it is closely tied to the functional and architectural attributes of its elements and spaces. The historic congregational mosques in the Islamic world have predominantly adhered to the architectural model of the Prophet's Mosque, characterized by its rectangular form. In modern mosques, various factors such as technological advancements, and cultural and scientific influences have led to architectural trends and stylistic innovations. These innovations have aimed to enhance the efficiency and performance of congregational mosques, one of which is the octagonal form. The research problem centred on the utilization of the octagonal shape and its adaptability in the context of the congregational mosques in the city of Mosul and its suitability for optimal mosque functioning. The research sought to elucidate the appropriateness of employing the octagonal form in congregational mosques by analysing samples with octagonal layouts in Mosul to investigate the extent to which this form influenced the characteristics of the mosque. The research concluded that all octagonal layouts had undergone modifications and expansions to rectify the unsuitable layout, indicating that the octagonal form is foreign to the traditional mosque typology. Furthermore, it is subject to additional alterations to accommodate the functional and architectural requirements of the congregational mosque.
The article discusses the reports and accounts of the Alliance Israélite Universelle and Zionist emissaries regarding life Jewish Quarter of Mosul (Mahallat al-Yahud) during the first half of the ...twentieth century. As a dynamic and open Jewish space, the quarter expressed the development of the Jewish community in the 'city of two springs', as Mosul was known among its inhabitants. The article discusses the ideological perceptions expressed in the accounts of the emissaries on life in the Jewish Quarter. The emissaries concentrated on aspects relating to the process of modernization, while describing the Jewish Quarter as a Jewish ghetto.
Building stones have various mineralogical, textures, microstructures, and physical and mechanical properties. Limestone, dolomite, and gypsum stone samples were taken from the old city of Mosul, ...which was destroyed due to the liberation operation of the city. From the study of the rock segments, it appeared that there was a low percentage of the pores that were formed due to the dissolution process, as well as the effect of weathering was a few centimeters in depth. From the results of the physical tests of the samples, it appeared that the density of the limestone is low to high for the grey gypsum. The grey gypsum has zero porosity, while low in gypsum and medium to high in dolomite and limestone, respectively. The rate of forced water absorption varies, and the reason is the difference in the porosity as it increases with connected pores, which in term leads to an increase in the amount of absorbed water. According to the results of the mechanical tests of the rocks, the compressive strength was low to medium, and the durability of the rocks was high, this confirms the validity of the rocks in the study area as unloading bearing stones. The economic feasibility results from not transporting the old rocks, but rather using them in the same site in the city. These huge quantities of stones, which took a great deal of work and money to bring to the city from the outskirts, cannot be wasted by transporting them outside the city because it will cause significant pollution and cost time and money, whereas they can be used in the reconstruction of the destroyed city, for instance, unloading bearing stones.
ABSTRACT Marek's diseases is a contagious disease affected chicken over all the world there are four different form of it and the infected birds may exhibit one or more from ( cutaneous ,visceral , ...ocular &neural) forms. MDV caused by infection of lymphocytes by Gallid alphherpesvirus 2,vaccines have been used successfully in many nations to control and stop the spread of the disease ,recent data indicates that vaccines effectiveness is declining now as a result of viral evolution .The current work was conducted from (July- November)of 2022 to diagnoses MD in a 20 naturally infected chicken from a total out 50 chicken which randomly received from different regions to the veterinary teaching hospital. Recent study research showed the present of gross and histopathological lesions of MDV infection represented by (2,4% in liver,1,6%in lung &kidney respectively,1,2% leg paralysis,0,8% in brain & finally spleen lesion was 0,4%) .The gross lesion characterized by hemorrhage ,congestion , splenomegaly, nodular lesion of liver & sprain of leg nerve , on the other hand the Histopathological lesions represented by congestion, degeneration& necrosis of hepatocytes , infiltration of monocular cell, vasogenic edema and spongy from cell inside brain tissue ,cell swelling and hyaline cast of renal tubules & lymphoproliferative foci with different size inside spleen parenchyma. From our result we conclude the occurrences of MDV in backyard chicken in different region of Mosul city
The present study focuses on how to assess the reality of soil pollution by heavy elements on the right bank of Mosul City after 2017. Seventy samples are collected from the right-bank soils ...depending on the random system. Chemical analysis is conducted using the ICP-MS technique to determine the concentrations of the heavy elements (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn) in these samples, and then to calculate the pollution factors: Geoaccumulation Index, Enrichment Factor, and Contamination Factor. The average crust is adopted for the comparison and definition of the permissible limits for calculating the pollution factors. The results of the chemical analysis show that the concentrations of the elements (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn) are higher than the average crust by a ratio of 100%, 85.3%, 44.29%, 100%, 37.14%, 24.28% respectively, which have an effect on the results of the pollution factors, and this refers to an addition of heavy elements to soil of the right bank of Mosul City as a result of human activity (anthropogenic). These activities are the military operations and the use of different types of weapons such as bombs, missiles, ammunition and the remnants thereof, which contain many heavy metals as well as fumes and gases emitted from burning waste, vehicle exhaust, electricity generators, liquid waste in urban and industrial areas, sewage water, fertilizers and pesticides. To know the role of physicochemical characteristics and their contribution to the distribution of heavy elements in the soil, pH and electrical conductivity are measured and the organic matter content is determined. The results show a rate of 7.8, 27.8, and 4.6, respectively.
The destruction of Mosul's Old Town has led to sudden and unmanaged displacements of different ethnic, cultural and professional communities who departed northern Iraq's medieval trade and cultural ...centre. While the reconstruction of historic monuments was prioritised for the post-ISIS recovery process, the disappearance of trade, culture, and communities had a more lasting impact on the erasure of memory, traditional practices and social interactions in the Historic Centre. Moving away from the conventions of planned and structured return in post-conflict cities, this paper investigates the growing and unstructured spontaneous processes of displacement, relocation, and rebuilding as an unmanaged process where the central government and the local authority had limited impact on the daily and active return of displaced communities and craftsmen. We argue that the active and interconnected networks of trade, craft communities and livelihoods in the Old City can be activated by individualistic efforts to trigger a spontaneous, yet effective and decentralised approach to post-conflict return in Iraq. This paper navigates local narratives, spaces of memory and spatial patterns of displacement and return, using the observations, spatial mapping, first-hand local narratives and flows of displacement.
•Cultural heritage practices in Mosul are spatial and locational.•Displacement of shop owners and artisans impacts the Old Town's cultural heritage•The practices and interactions in the markets are vital for Mosul's economy.
Located along the Tigris River in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, the Mosul Dam Reservoir is the second biggest dam of the Near East and represents an important water storage for local human ...activities. The dam was built between 1981 and 1988 north of the village of Eski Mosul, submerging the course of the Tigris River for c. 100 km. The analysis of historical images derived from declassified Corona satellite imagery acquired between December 1967 and August 1968 reveals the pristine pattern of the Tigris River, including the seasonal changes of its riverbed, shifting across the hydrological year from meandering to anastomosing patterns. Geomorphological mapping based on Corona images allowed us to estimate the seasonal modification of fluvial elements such as the floodplain and point, middle and longitudinal bars. The comparison with Landsat data collected since the 1990s showed the first phases of the basin filling and the control on the present‐day aspect of the lake inherited from the setting of the Tigris channel belt and, more in general, the litho‐structural control over the evolution of the local hydrographic network; we also document the influence of the original Tigris River course on its recent insertion into the lake. Our work allowed reconstruction of the ancient fluvial landscape below the Mosul Dam Lake and the evolution of its riverscape controlled by litho‐structural factors and seasonal variations of the river discharge. Finally, this contribution highlights the relevance of declassified intelligence satellite imagery in interpreting natural geomorphic processes and landforms, today altered by human agency.
Historical images derived from declassified Corona satellite imagery acquired between December 1967 and August 1968 reveal the pristine pattern of the Tigris River Geomorphological mapping based on Corona images allowed to estimate the seasonal modification of fluvial elements. Timelapse of Landsat imagery showed the first phases of the basin filling and the control on the present‐day aspect of the lake.
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