The importance of feasibility study research, especially in the financial feasibility of apartment construction, is needed to assess the feasibility of the project. The criteria for financial ...analysis are NPV, IRR, BCR and PP, then a sensitivity analysis is carried out. The results of the feasibility analysis stated that it was feasible to show the NPV value of Rp. 125,590,204,257, the IRR value was 34.804% which was greater than the MARR value of 11.29%, BCR was 1.596 and PP was 2.36. The calculation of the sensitivity analysis shows that the project is declared feasible if the increase in investment is ≤ 50.852%, the decrease in selling rates is ≤ 27.407% and the decrease in income is ≤ 24.995%.
A techno-economic assessment of a 100 MWe concentrated solar power (CSP) plant with 8 h thermal energy storage (TES) capacity is presented, in order to evaluate the costs and performance of different ...storage configurations when integrating the CSP plant electricity into a spot market. Five different models were considered: a two-tank direct sensible heat storage (SHS), a two-tank indirect SHS, a single-tank thermocline heat storage, a latent heat storage (LHS) and thermochemical heat storage. The net present value (NPV) was selected as the most relevant metric that accounts the variability of prices over time. The system model advisor (SAM) software along with thermodynamic principles were used to obtain technical parameters. Excluding the solar field, power block and other cost contributions, the thermocline tank was the most profitable storage configuration with a higher financial profit of about USD 16 Million and USD 39 Million compared to the LHS and direct SHS respectively. The indirect SHS (USD -150 Million) and thermochemical heat storage (USD -253 Million) however presented the highest capital costs and consequently unprofitable investments. This paper provides reliable information to policy-makers and industrialists about the viability of the different TES technologies, and also helps the production optimization based on a price-driven strategy.
•Economic performance of five thermal energy storage technologies was investigated.•The CSP plant production was integrated into a SPOT electricity market.•Thermocline is the most profitable with USD 16 Million higher profit compared to LHS.•Thermochemical and indirect SHS show negative NPV due to the highest investment cost.•The CSP production has to be optimized based on a price-driven-strategy.
•After coulping fNPV into the RWEQ, the simulation accuracy of this model increased.•NPV can restrain wind erosion, especially in the non-growing season.•It is needed to use data other than NDVI to ...improve the simulation accuracy of fNPV.
Non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV) can significantly impact the magnitude of wind erosion. However, most wind erosion models did not take NPV into account, which led to large uncertainties in wind erosion simulation. To reduce these uncertainties, the effects of NPV on wind erosion should be considered in wind erosion simulations. Herein, we collected the hyperspectral and fractional coverage (fNPV) data of NPV from the Mu Us Sandy Land (MUSL). Through constructing a model between the normalized difference tillage index (NDTI) and fNPV, the fNPV values in the MUSL from 2014 to 2017 were estimated by Landsat 8-OLI images and were used to improve the combined vegetation factor (COG) in the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) model to improve this model. Then, the improved RWEQ model was employed to simulate the wind erosion process of the MUSL during these years. The results showed that the mean values of the fNPV in the MUSL from 2014 to 2017 were approximately 2.71 times higher than those estimated by NDVI data (MOD13Q1). The improved RWEQ that considering the NPV significantly improved the precision of the simulation results, as validated by measured data. Compared with the wind erosion modulus (WEM) without NPV, the decreased values caused by NPV were 130.48 t/km2/a (annum), 91.79 t/km2/a, 85.51 t/km2/a and 93.76 t/km2/a from 2014 to 2017, respectively, and the rates of decrease in wind erosion in the corresponding year were 26.52 %, 16.9 %, 21.47 % and 31.33 %, respectively. We believe that integrating NPV monitoring technology into wind erosion models could significantly improve the accuracy of wind erosion simulation, and this study provides new insight into wind erosion modelling, which would be of interest to scholars in the fields of wind erosion and dust emission.
This paper proposes a new 7-level inverter topology for induction motor drives. It is a hybrid topology formed by cascading a 5-level active neutral-point-clamped inverter with a 3-level T-type ...converter. It is obtained using low-voltage semiconductor devices with voltage blocking capability of Vdc/3 and Vdc/6. The topology uses three floating capacitors per phase, which are balanced within a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) switching duration using switching-state redundancies for each pole-voltage level. Topology forms two stacks at the front-end, which requires individual symmetrical dc source. The analysis of switching loss and conduction loss is performed and compared with some of the existing 7-level multi-level inverters reported in various literatures to show the advantages of the proposed topology. Furthermore, the single dc source operation with two stacked capacitors and closed-loop control of neutral-point voltage using symmetrical six-phase induction motor is proposed. The voltage-control algorithms for floating capacitors and dc-link stacked capacitors are proposed, which are independent of load power factor and modulation index. Open-loop V / f and closed-loop rotor field oriented control are performed, and various results at steady and transient states are presented to validate the aforementioned claims.
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic feasibility of the BIPV system as a building envelope material for the whole building skins. The paper is dealing with the lifecycle cost ...analysis (LCCA) of BIPV system in the capitals of all the European Union member states (EU) as well as the capitals of Norway and Switzerland.
The results revealed that by a discount rate of zero, BIPV system could refund all the investment even on the north facades while in terms of traditional building envelope materials as an alternative option for building skins, there would be rarely added benefits after investment. Furthermore, the societal and environmental benefits of a BIPV system in Europe have its greatest impact on the south façade. Moreover, for all the studied directions of building skins with a discount rate of five present in Europe except the north facade, just the quantified amount of societal and environmental advantages of BIPV systems could almost reimburse all the invested money.
The results illustrated that the BIPV system as a building envelope material for the whole building skins could reimburse not only all the investment costs but also become a source of income for the building.
•BIPV is presented as a building envelope material for the whole building skins.•Economic analyses of a BIPV system in 30 countries are presented.•NPV, DPP, and IRR calculation for BIPV as a material for the whole building skins are done.•Replacing conventional façade materials with BIPV modules for building skins is feasible.
Widespread use of synthetic chemical insecticides causes growing concern regarding the risks to human health and negative impacts on the environment. At the same time, many insects have become ...resistant toward synthetic chemical insecticides. Baculoviruses bring many benefits and allow reduced use of synthetic insecticides when included in integrated pest management (IPM). They are specific to their target pest and thus do not have any negative effects on plants, mammals, and non-target insects including natural enemies and pollinators. In addition, their unique mode of action makes them suitable for resistance management. We provide examples of how baculoviruses can be applied in IPM strategies for open field and protected vegetable crops. In field trials, baculovirus products were applied in rotations and tankmixes with chlorantraniliprole, Bacillus thuringiensis products, and spinosad and provided promising control of target pests. The conducted trials in open field and protected vegetables show that baculoviruses can offer an effective solution to control pests in open field and protected vegetable production. Including baculoviruses gave results as good as other application strategies tested while conferring important benefits in reducing residues and improving the resistance management strategy.
•The waste heat recovery in an innovative waste-CHP-ORC plant is proposed.•Two alternative working fluids are considered to make the system environmentally friendly.•The combined configuration is ...designed and analyzed techno-economically.•The energy and exergy efficiencies increase up to 20% and 10%, respectively.•The payback period of the system is improved by about 10%.
A smart hybrid power plant comprising a waste-fired CHP (combined heat and power) plant accompanied by a small-scale organic Rankine cycle was recently designed and analyzed thermodynamically. The objective of this hybridization is to maximize the share of electricity production of waste-CHP plants rather than a higher heat production rate in a cost-effective manner. In this work, utilization of the exergy of the hot flue gas of the waste-fired CHP unit in order to increase the potential of the organic Rankine cycle for maximizing the net power output of the hybrid cycle is proposed and techno-economically analyzed. In addition, the effect of using alternative environmentally-friendly organic working fluids on the performance of the system was investigated. The results of the study show that by the flue gas potential utilization of the same CHP unit, the size of the organic Rankine cycle may increase significantly, leading to a larger power output of the plant. As such, the net exergy and energy efficiency values of the combined plant in various operational conditions are improved compared to its primary configuration by, respectively, about 10% and 20%, when both of the main CHP cycle and the organic Rankine cycle are working at nominal load. In addition, this exergy utilization is beneficial economically as well, decreasing the payback period of the parallelization project by about 10% (from 7.4 years to 6.7 years). The alternative organic working fluid does not make a significant change in the technical and economic performance indices of the system.
•We show the increasing of NPV/IRR values and the failure of quota instrument.•We show the dynamic interactions of FIT system.•The tariffs should be adjusted frequently to keep IRR values at 8–12%.
...In 2011 China initiated policies to promote the adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) using feed-in tariff (FIT) policies. Since then the PV domestic market expanded substantially. In the past six years, the FIT policies were updated (adjustment of tariff levels, division of three FIT regions, setting of installation quotas) to address emerging problems such as PV waste, explosive installation, unbalanced spatial distribution. This paper aims to investigate the historical development and implementation of FIT policies in China from 2011 to 2016. The tools of net present value (NPV)/internal rate of return (IRR), learning curve and the system dynamics are employed to show the degree of economic incentives of FIT policies, to understand the learning rate of centralized PV systems, and to study the dynamic mechanism of the FIT system. We conclude that in the near term the tariff levels should be adjusted more frequently to keep IRR values in the range of 8–12%, and a tight quota combined with the deployment of ultra-high voltage (UHV) lines should be continued for the provinces with severe PV waste.
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