The book discusses the minor settlements that dotted the territory of present-day Slovenia in the Roman period. This geographically diverse territory was crossed by important lines of communication ...and divided between three large administrative units of the Roman state: Italy and the provinces of Noricum and Upper Pannonia. Twenty-six authors wrote contributions on individual settlements in a comprehensive and clear manner roughly following a common concept. The presentation of each settlement opens with its location and name in Antiquity, possible habitation traces from prehistory, mentions in ancient literary texts and documents, and recovered epigraphic evidence. The next, main part offers an overview of the archaeological remains from the Roman period: topography, infrastructure, buildings, cemeteries and portable remains of particular significance. This is followed by the information on the status of a settlement, social standing of its inhabitants, their administrative or military functions, as well as professional or ethnical background. All is brought together in an outline of the historical development of each settlement.
•We present 3-D simulations of impacts into Asteroid 21 Lutetia.•Ejecta deposition is shown to match features observed using Rosetta’s OSIRIS camera.•Crater erasure via shock is shown to be less ...significant and inconsistent with observation.•Time series of surface velocity fields resulting from impacts are also presented.•The velocity field lines exhibit a qualitative correlation with surface lineament orientation.
We present 3-D simulations of impacts into Asteroid 21 Lutetia, the subject of a fly-by by the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Using a 3-D shape model of the asteroid, impacts of sizes sufficient to reproduce the observed craters in Lutetia’s North Polar Crater Cluster (NPCC) as observed by the OSIRIS experiment have been simulated using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics technique. The asteroid itself has been modelled both as a homogeneous body and as a body with an iron core.
Crater erasure in the vicinity of the NPCC has been observed by OSIRIS. The results show that this erasure has most probably been caused by ejecta deposition following the impact of a 2.3km diameter projectile impacting at a velocity of 5kms−1 (or an impact with similar energy). This would produce a crater of roughly 34km in diameter comparable to the largest (and oldest) member of the NPCC. Erasure of craters via the shock associated with such an impact is shown to be less significant and does not reproduce the observed spatial distribution of erased craters or “ghost” craters.
Time series of the surface velocity fields resulting from the simulated impacts are also presented. It is suggested that the surface velocity field and velocity shear may play a role in the generation of lineaments. Our model calculations show that the velocity field lines around 50s after impact exhibit a reasonable qualitative correlation with the orientation of lineaments observed on the entire visible surface of Lutetia. It is also shown that incorporation of a core of 25–30km in diameter does not modify the velocity field evolution with time and, as such, the presence or otherwise of such a core cannot be inferred from lineament observations if this concept for their formation is valid.
The newly written paper for Roman imperial silver coins is expanding the studied area of counterfeited silver coins discovered on archaeological sites by analyzing a hole geographic region stretching ...from the middle Danube in the East to the shores of the lower Rhine in the West.Aiming to prove the existence of a centralize pattern regarding silver plated coins distribution, the study expanded its investigation to include the random appearance of hybrid and plated hybrid coins. Besides this the focus will remain on counterfeited pieces, their proportions and distribution, with a smaller case study for the Severian period during when most plated pieces were dated for.Towards the end of the study new results can finally support previous debated arguments regarding coin distribution and patterns of distribution in frontier provinces, alongside with Rome’s approach to silver plated pieces.
The Claudian-era Municipium Teurnia, today's St. Peter in Holz, is situated four kilometers west of Spittal an der Drau (Carinthia, Austria). Along with Virunum, Celeia, luvavum and Aguntum, Teurnia ...counts as one of the oldest Roman cities in the province of Noricum. Due to its strategic location on the Drava River and at the intersection of two principal routes, namely the Drava Valley and the Tauern roads, Teurnia developed from a LaTène-period settlement to a Roman city, whose territory included large parts of Upper Carinthia and the Lungau in modern Salzburg. The assessment of La Tène period settlement activity in Teurnia is based solely on the finds assigned to the La Tène culture of Mokronog group centered in the south-east Alps. Continuous settlement in Teurnia can be proven from the late La Tène until the early Imperial period. A comparable trend can be seen at Celeia-Celje, where the initial Celtic hill settlement eventually developed into a Roman vicus in the valley. In contrast to this, the oldest identifiable settlement activity at Aguntum, luvavum and the Flavian municipium of Solva dates to the Augustan period, while Virunum was created as a new, planned provincial capital during the reign of the emperor, Claudius. The first settlement expansion in Teurnia is identifiable as early as the 3rd and 2nd decades of the first century BCE, as the first turf and timber constructions originated east of the 620m-high Holzer Mountain where habitation areas were located, built on serveral terraces on the eastern slope of the hill. Through the combined analysis of finds and results from the 1971-1978 excavations as well as several series of aerial photographs, the expansion and resulting monumentality of Teurnia’s cityscape, after being awarded municipal status, is understandable. In this regard discussion continues as to whether the forum of the imperial-era city was actually located up on the hill, as proposed by R. Egger at the beginning of the last century, or in the lower town situated east of Holzer Mountain, as the preliminary interpretation of recent aerial photographs suggests. After a catastrophic fire in the early 3rd century CE this habitation area, a neighborhood with several prestigious homes and a public thermal bath furnished with high quality fittings such as stucco decoration, marble-cladding, wall paintings, window glass, and hypocaust heating technology, was not reconstructed. The abandonment of this settlement area may already have occurred before the Germanic invasions in the late 3rd century CE, maybe as a result of the Severan prospription measures.
Das claudische Municipium Teurnia, das heutige St. Peter in Holz, vier Kilometer westlich von Spittal an der Drau gelegen, gehörte mit Virunum, Celeia, luvavum und Aguntum zu den ältesten römischen Städten in der Provinz Noricum. Durch die günstige verkehrsgeographische Lage an der Drau bzw. am Schnittpunkt zweier Fernstraßen, nämlich der Drautal- und der Tauernroute, entwickelte sich aus einer latènezeitlichen Siedlung am Holzer Berg die römische Stadt, zu deren Territorium weite Teile Oberkärntens und der Lungau gehörten. Die Bewertung der latènezeitlichen Siedlungstätigkeit in Teurnia kann sich nur auf das Fundmaterial stützen, das sich innerhalb der südostalpinen Latènekultur der Mokronog-Gruppe zuordnen läßt. Während der Spätlatènezeit scheint sich eine Verlagerung des zentralörtlichen Siedlungsschwerpunkts in diesem Bereich des oberen Drautals von der Görz, einer zweiperiodigen, 11ha großen Befestigungsanlage im Raum Feistritz/Drau, drauaufwärts nach Teurnia abzuzeichnen. In Teurnia ist von einer Siedlungskontinuität über die Spätlatène- bis in die frühe Kaiserzeit auszugehen. Eine vergleichbare Entwicklung hinsichtlich des Gründungsmusters der Siedlung liegt in Celeia-Celje vor, wo sich ebenfalls aus einer keltischen Höhensiedlung zunächst ein römischer Vicus in Tallage entwickelt. Im Unterschied dazu kann in Aguntum, luvavum und im flavischem Municipium Solva eine älteste Siedlungstätigkeit erst in augusteischer Zeit beobachtet werden, während Virunum unter Kaiser Claudius als neu geplante Provinzhauptstadt angelegt wurde. Eine erste Siedlungsexpansion ist in Teurnia schon im 3./2. Jahrzehnt v. Chr. faßbar, als erste Holz- und Lehmfachwerkbauten östlich des 620m hohen Holzer Berges im Areal der späteren Wohnterrassen entstanden, Durch eine kombinierte Auswertung der Grabungsbefunde 1971-1978 und von mehreren Luftbildserien läßt sich der Ausbau und die Monumentalisierung des Stadtbildes nach der Verleihung des Municipalstatus nachvollziehen. Dabei wird auch die Frage diskutiert, ob sich das Forum der kaiserzeitlichen Stadt tatsächlich oben auf dem Hügel befand, wie es R. Egger zu Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts vorschlug, oder sich angesichts der neueren Luftbilder nicht doch in der Unterstadt östlich des Holzer Berges ausdehnte. Nach einer Brandkatastrophe im früheren 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. kam es in den Wohnterrassen, einem Stadtviertel mit mehreren repräsentativen Wohnhäusern und einer öffentlichen Therme von besonderer Ausstattungsqualität (Stuckdekorationen, marmorne Innenarchitektur, Wandmalerei, Fensterglas, Hypokaustheizungen), zu keinem flächigen Wiederaufbau. Das Auflassen dieses Siedlungsareals erfolgte möglicherweise schon in der Zeit vor den Germaneneinfällen in den 70er Jahren dieses Jahrhunderts als Folge severischer Proskriptionsmaßnahmen.
This study deals with the statistic results acquired for life expectancy of the male population in Noricum. They were compared with the data from other Danubian provinces (Pannonia Superior, Pannonia ...Inferior, Dacia, Moesia Superior, Moesia Inferior) and from Roman Egypt. We stopped on the age-rounding process, analysing the rapport between rounded ages and unrounded ages at the level of the entire male sample. For an insight of the male population we compared the age structure values from all the Danubian province on three age categories, in terms of numbers and percentage.
During the late Republic and the early Principate, the area under the direct control of Rome expanded considerably beyond the Alps, including a large portion of the north-werstern Danube basin. The ...situation offered the Aquileian trading families new opportunities to extend their sphere of activity. In this period, Italic merchants, most of them coming from Aquileian families, settled in the Roman centres along the “Amber Route”, establishing trade relationships with their hometown. The study of epigraphic evidence provides relevant elements in order to define the economic role of these families.
This survey concerns the age rounding process in the Latin epitaphs of Noricum. In the first part of the study we analysed the age rounding process differentiated by gender, the data obtained being ...compared with the existing ones from the other Danubian provinces. The second part concerns the age rounding process differentiated in terms of legal status by using Whipple’s Index. The proportion of rounded ages–unrounded ages is overwhelming for both female and male population in Noricum. In terms of legal status, the peregrini/ae features the category with the highest tendency towards rounded digits followed by citizens (male and female) and soldiers.
The article discusses a central motif on the socle of a funerary monument at Gornji Grad, Slovenia. Together with those from Oswaldgraben (western Styria, province of Noricum) and ...Aquincum, it has been interpreted ever since the fundamental study written on the subject by Erna Diez as showing the reunion of Menelaus and Helen after the end of the Trojan War. This interpretation, how-ever, becomes less certain upon comparing the relief to a less well-known mirror from the Bulla Regia cemetery (province of Africa proconsularis). The latter shows an almost identical composition, but includes the figure of an elderly woman who does not appear in the reunion story. The main features of the scene, the hand on the hilt of the sword, the woman offering an object to the man, and the active role of Eros, can be found in another, rarely depicted myth, namely the meeting of Minos and Scylla, described in most detail in the Ciris epyllion. According to the latter, Scylla, the daughter of King Nisus, falls in love with the enemy King Minos after an intervention by Eros, and is aided, in conspiracy against her father and homeland, by her nurse.Iconographical analysis and literary sources have enabled the author to add four new depictions of Minos and Scylla to those already known. Three of those newly-added are depictions on stone reliefs, from Noricum (Gornji Grad, Oswaldgraben) and Pannonia (Aquincum), with the fourth one on the above-mentioned bronze mirror. All of them had previously been interpreted as the reunion of Menelaus and Helen after the end of the Trojan War.
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