This study is aimed to review the applications of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) in dentistry. The increased demand for aesthetics, legislation in some developed countries, few drawbacks with existing ...materials and clinicians shifting their paradigms towards metal free restorations led space for the metal-free restorations in today's dental practice. An electronic literature search was conducted through Medline via PubMed, Wiley Online library, EBSCOhost, Science Direct, as well as the Google Scholar between January 2010 and March 2018 using the keywords: PEEK, modified PEEK, PEEK and Dental, advantages of PEEK, applications of PEEK in dentistry and PEEK Implants. A total of 103 articles were found in the literature search and out of these, 18 were not related to our study and hence were excluded. Finally, 85 articles were found to be relevant. PEEK has been explained for a number of applications in dental practice. The literature showed that the PEEK material has superior mechanical properties with different uses in various specialties of dentistry.
As a new type of 2D nanomaterials, MXene can improve the thermal, mechanical, and tribological performance of polymers as a reinforcing additive. However, there is a lack of systematic research on ...the impact of the morphology and structure of MXene on the performance of nanocomposite. In this study, MXene Ti3C2Tx with different morphologies was prepared and the effect of morphologies on the mechanical, thermal and creep properties was explored. Mechanical test results illustrate that the addition of MXene Ti3C2Tx fillers contributes to the improvement of mechanical properties. Among the three fillers, d-Ti3C2Tx exhibit a better reinforcement effect in PEEK than m-Ti3C2Tx and f-Ti3C2Tx, which are greatly related to the morphology of the MXene Ti3C2Tx, the interface and defects between the PEEK and the MXene Ti3C2Tx. After adding MXene to the PEEK matrix, the internal friction of PEEK molecule segment motion would aggrandize and the composites would deform and take longer relaxation times. Due to the larger interface between d-Ti3C2Tx and the matrix, the composite material exhibits the smallest creep strain magnitude and permanent deformation behavior after recovery. However, the high activity of 2D MXene nanomaterials resulted in a decrease in the thermal stability of PEEK.
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Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is clinically used as a bio-implant for the healing of skeletal defects. However, the osseointegration of clinical-sized bone grafts remains limited. In this study, ...surface-porous PEEK was created by using a sulfonation method and a metal-polysaccharide complex MgCS was introduced on the surface of sulfonated PEEK to form MgCS@SPEEK. The as-prepared MgCS@SPEEK was found to have a porous surface with good hydrophilicity and bioactivity. This was followed by an investigation into whether MgCS loaded onto sulfonated PEEK surfaces could promote osseointegration and angiogenesis. The in vitro results showed that MgCS@SPEEK had a positive effect on reducing the expression levels of inflammatory genes and promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis-related genes expression levels. Furthermore, porous MgCS@SPEEK was implanted in critical-sized rat tibial defects for in vivo evaluation of osseointegration. The micro-computed tomography evaluation results revealed substantial bone formation at 4 and 8 weeks. Collectively, these findings indicate that MgCS@SPEEK could provide improved osseointegration and an attractive strategy for orthopaedic applications.
The objective of this study was to investigate and describe the presence of osteolysis after implantation of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) suture anchors in the hand and wrist.
Patients who underwent ...hand or wrist surgery using PEEK suture anchor(s) at a large academic institution from January 2019 to January 2021 were identified. Patients without accessible intraoperative fluoroscopic imaging were excluded. Patient demographics, type of procedure, and suture anchor material were recorded. The suture anchor tunnel size was measured on sequential radiographs and recorded as percentage change. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize findings.
A total of 26 PEEK suture anchors in 14 patients were included, with an average follow-up of 12.0 months (range, 1.5-24.1 months). Twenty-seven percent of the anchors (7/26) demonstrated osteolysis at final follow-up, as defined by enlargement of tunnel size by >30%. In all anchors, the tunnel size increased by 19.1% on average (range, -7.7% to 56.1%) by final follow-up.
Polyetheretherketone suture anchors may be associated with the development of osteolysis in hand and wrist surgery. The clinical implications of osteolysis in the smaller bones of the hand and wrist remain unclear.
Prognostic IV.
To shorten the preparation cycle of Al/PEEK/CFRP laminates fabricated by Al sheets, peek films, and CFRP prepreg and reduce energy consumption during the preparation process to ensure the highest ...quality laminates, a novel forming process based on self‐resistance electric (SRE) heating was proposed. Considering the tensile properties, fracture morphology, and void content comprehensively, the influence of current intensity (11.5, 12.5, 13.5 A) on the forming quality of laminates was explored. This optimized electric heating process was compared with the traditional heating process with respect to forming time, energy consumption, and the performance of the prepared samples. The results show that when the current is 12.5 A, the molding quality of the samples prepared by the SRE process is better than that of the traditional process. In addition, the SRE process significantly reduces forming times and saves energy. This SRE heating method provides a new process optimization pathway for the preparation and formation of fiber metal laminates and exhibits great prospects for future research.
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a biocompatible polymer widely used for biomedical applications. Because it is biologically inert, bioactive phases, such as nano-hydroxyapatite (HA), have been added ...to PEEK in order to improve its bioactivity. 3D printing (3DP) technologies are being increasingly used today to manufacture patient specific devices and implants. However, processing of PEEK is challenging due to its high melting point which is above 340 °C. In this study, PEEK-based filaments containing 10 wt% of pure nano-HA, strontium (Sr)- doped nano-HA and Zinc (Zn)-doped nano-HA were produced via hot-melt extrusion and subsequently 3D printed via fused deposition modelling (FDM), following an initial optimization process. The raw materials, extruded filaments and 3D printed samples were characterized in terms of physicochemical, thermal and morphological analysis. Moreover, the mechanical performance of 3D printed specimens was assessed via tensile tensing. Although an increase in the melting point and a reduction in crystallization temperature was observed with the addition of HA and doped HA to pure PEEK, there was no noticeable increase in the degree of crystallinity. Regarding the mechanical behavior, no significant differences were detected following the addition of the inorganic phases to the polymeric matrix, although a small reduction in the ultimate tensile strength (~14%) and Young's modulus (~5%) in PEEK/HA was observed in comparison to pure PEEK. Moreover, in vitro bioactivity of 3D printed samples was evaluated via a simulated body fluid immersion test for up to 28 days; the formation of apatite was observed on the surfaces of sample surfaces containing HA, SrHA and ZnHA. These results indicate the potential to produce bioactive, 3DP PEEK composites for challenging applications such as in craniofacial bone repair.
•PEEK and PEEK-based composite filaments were prepared by extrusion method.•Fused deposition modelling revealed a promising manufacturing technology for the successful production of 3D printed PEEK/HA composites.•No significant differences, in terms of mechanical behavior, were detected following the addition of the inorganic phases to the polymeric PEEK matrix.•3D printed PEEK/HA composites showed better bioactive performance in comparison to pure PEEK.
Due to the non-polar nature and low wettability of carbon fibers (CFs), the interfacial adhesion between CFs and the polyetheretherketone (PEEK) matrix is poor, and this has negative effects on the ...mechanical properties of CF/PEEK composites. In this work, we established a modification method to improve the interface between CFs and PEEK based chemical grafting of aminated polyetheretherketone (PEEK-NH₂) on CFs to create an interfacial layer which has competency with the PEEK matrix. The changed chemical composition, surface morphology, surface energy, and interlaminar shear strength were investigated. After grafting, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) was improved by 33.4% due to the covalent bonds in the interface region, as well as having good compatibility between the interface modifier and PEEK. Finally, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation also confirmed that the properties of the modified CF/PEEK composites interface were enhanced. This work is, therefore, a beneficial approach towards enhancing the mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites by controlling the interface between CFs and the PEEK matrix.
Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and PEEK composites are outstanding candidates for biomedical applications, such as orthopedic devices, where biocompatibility and modulus match with surrounding tissue ...are requisite for long-term success. The mechanical properties can be optimized by incorporating fillers such as continuous and chopped carbon fibers. While much is known about the mechanical and tribological behavior of PEEK composites, there are few articles that summarize the viability of using PEEK reinforced with carbon fibers in orthopedic implants. This paper reviews biocompatibility, tribological, and mechanical studies on PEEK and their composites with carbon fibers, notably PEEK reinforced with polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers and PEEK reinforced with pitch-based carbon fibers, for application in orthopedics and total joint replacements (TJRs). The main objectives of this review are two-fold. Firstly, this paper aims to assist designers in making informed decisions on the suitability of using PEEK and PEEK composites in orthopedic applications; as it is not well understood how these materials perform on the whole in orthopedics and TJRs. Secondly, this paper aims to serve as a centralized paper in which researchers can gain information on the tribological and mechanical advancements of PEEK and PEEK composites.
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The rapid adoption of the advantageous PEEK and its composites paired with steel counterparts in many tribological applications has prompted intense research to investigate their tribological ...properties under lubrication. This study investigated the effect of oil-lubrication and proposed a mechanism of action. Compared to the dry conditions, oil-lubrication with poly-α-olefin (PAO) base oils reduced friction, regardless of the type of polymer materials. However, the wear behavior depended on the polymer type; it increased for neat PEEK and decreased for PEEK composites. Additionally, the viscosity of the lubricant oils influenced the polymer behavior in distinct ways. These differences in tribological performance under oil-lubrication were explained by two important factors, the polymer transfer films on steel counterparts determined by Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) and the hardness modification of the polymer surfaces investigated by nanoindentation measurements. These factors were also related to each other, especially for PEEK composites.
•Oil-lubrication affects the performance of PEEK/steel tribological contacts in various ways.•The differences are explained by the polymer transfer films on steel and the hardness modification of the polymer surfaces.•These two factors are related to each other, especially for PEEK composites.
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