Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, caracterizar a embebição e avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Apuleia leiocarpa após o osmocondicionamento. O estudo da embebição foi realizado em ...sementes intactas e escarificadas, em água destilada durante 96 horas. No estudo do osmocondicionamento, as sementes escarificadas foram separadas em três sublotes (L1; L2; L3), o primeiro foi condicionado em água destilada (controle), o segundo e o terceiro foram osmocondicionados em PEG 6000, nos potenciais de -0,4 e -0,8 MPa, respectivamente, por 10 horas. Posteriormente, as sementes foram acondicionadas em sacos plásticos e mantidas sob temperatura controlada de 3 ± 1°C. A semeadura foi realizada após 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias do osmocondicionamento. A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada pelos testes: germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, frequência relativa de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e radicular e massa seca das plântulas. A embebição das sementes escarificadas de Apuleia leiocarpa segue o modelo trifásico de absorção de água, com início após três horas e culmina com a protrusão da raiz primária após 72 horas. As sementes osmocondicionadas em -0,8 MPa de PEG mantiveram a qualidade fisiológica, enquanto as sementes osmocondicionadas em água e em -0,4 MPa de PEG reduziram linearmente a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação, o comprimento e a biomassa seca das plântulas.
We propose the synthesis of a tricalcium phosphate and PEG 6000 composite for use in the removal of dangerous metal ions from wastewater using a unique method of synthesis dissolution precipitation. ...The efficiency of the composite’s adsorption toward Pb2+ and other harmful metal ions found in sewage was evaluated using FTIR, XRD, and SEM composite analysis as a function of adsorbent dose, temperature, pH, time, and starting metal ion. According to the experimentally determined results, the pseudo-second order’s value of R2 (0.914–0.943) is larger than the pseudo-first-order’s (0.913–0.968) on the β-TCP and β-TCP-PEG 6000, respectively. The calculated qe values (12.592–12.452 mg/g) are reasonably close to the measured qe values for TCP and TCP-PEG 6000, which range from 90.160 to 100.736 mg/g. Thermodynamic findings support the spontaneous metal attachment to the composite’s receptor regions. The results of the DFT show that the Pb2+ ion has a significant interaction with the TCP/PEG6000 surface. This is the case even though the Pb2+ ions are far smaller than the TCP/PEG 6000 molecule. The results presented here are supported by evidence acquired from experiments. The novelty of this study is, tricalcium phosphate (TCP) has a crystalline structure and is composed of calcium ions (Ca2+) and phosphate ions (PO43−). In the TCP crystal structure, the calcium ions occupy the hexagonal layers, and the phosphate ions occupy the tetrahedral interstitial sites between the hexagonal layers. The TCP crystal structure can accommodate substitutions of calcium or phosphate ions with other ions, which can lead to variations in its properties and applications.
Beta-lapachone (βlap) is a naphthoquinone derived from Lapachol, a substance extracted from the Bignoniaceae family of trees, genus Tabebuia; found in the Northern and Northeastern regions of Brazil. ...βlap shows excellent pharmacological activity as an antiparasitic, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory drug, but its water solubility is low, which decreases its bioavailability. This work aims to evaluate the solubility and dissolution rate of βlap from solid dispersions obtained by the Spray Drying technique and compare them with the physical mixture (PM) of compounds. βlap solid dispersions were prepared with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) at 1: 2 (w/w) ratio and characterized by thermal analysis differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), solubility tests, dissolution profile assays and analyzed by mathematical models to link to the system properties. βlap/PVP solid dispersion provided a 15-fold increase in dissolution rate compared to pristine βlap in the first 5 min. The release constants obtained from Korsmeyer–Peppas and Weibull models demonstrate that βlap is released more rapidly from the PVP system produced by Spray Drying than by PM. The thermal analysis suggests that the βlap was successfully encapsulated into spherical shape and uniform size distribution microparticles produced by SD/PVP, as shown by the SEM technique. In addition, it afforded about 9-fold higher solubility than the free βlap. The results of DSC and XRD showed a tendency of the βlap crystallinity to decrease. FTIR showed intermolecular interaction between drug and polymer molecules (PVP and PEG). Thus, the results suggest that βlap/PVP-based solid dispersions can be successfully applied in pharmaceutical formulations.
Apesar de poucas informações a respeito da germinação de sementes de passifloráceas, é unânime a afirmativa de que o início e o término da germinação das sementes dessas plantas ocorrem de forma ...irregular. A alternativa viável para uniformizar a geminação tem sido o emprego de polietilenoglicol (PEG 6000). Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a germinação de sementes de maracujá-amarelo em resposta ao condicionamento osmótico com PEG 6000 e ao tratamento térmico. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (5 x 5) +1, com 4 repetições. Os fatores consistiram de cinco tempos de pré-hidratação das sementes (10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 minutos) e imersão em solução de PEG 6000 (-1,2 MPa) por 0, 12, 24, 36 e 48 h, mais um tratamento testemunha. A germinação foi avaliada por meio da porcentagem de sementes germinadas, deterioradas, duras e/ou mortas e com fungos, índice de velocidade de emergência e tempo médio de emergência. A pré-hidratação com água a 40 ºC e a imersão em PEG 6000 influenciaram positivamente a taxa de germinação, IVE e TME, das sementes de maracujá-amarelo. A pré-hidratação de sementes de maracujá-amarelo com água aquecida a 40 ºC por 20 minutos combinada à imersão em PEG 6000 por 36 h resulta em maior uniformidade de plântulas e 90% de germinação.
Flavonoid and Carotenoids in marigold extract can act as a potent antioxidant. The using of antioxidant peel off face mask is very practical The aim of this research is to determine the effect of ...Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) extract concentration in Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 peel off mask base to the physical characteristic and stability. Marigold flower ethanol extract in 3 different concentration (F1 3 %, F2 4% and F3 6%) were formulated in peel off mask using PVA and PEG 6000 base. Evaluation of peel off mask including physical characteristics (organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, and drying time), chemical (pH) and stability.The results showed that all of the formulas have a brown color and soft textured gel. All of the formulas were homogeneous. In viscosity, a test showed that F1, F2, F3 (18.466; 22.533; 28.133cps), drying time test (29.1; 26.29; 24.64 minutes), and pH (5.5I; 4.71; 4.59). There was no significant difference in viscosity, pH, drying time and spreadability test. The result of a stability test and freeze-thaw showed that all of the formulas were stable and there were no significant changes in organoleptic and pH. Marigold extract until 6 % can be formulated in peel off mask using PVA and PEG 6000 base. All of the formulas showed good stability and good physical characteristic.
In an integrated lignocellulosic biorefinery, the cost associated with the “cellulases” and “longer duration of cellulose hydrolysis” represents the two most important bottlenecks. Thus, to overcome ...these barriers, the present study aimed towards augmented hydrolysis of acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse within a short span of 16 h using Cellic CTec2 by addition of PEG 6000. Addition of this surfactant not only enhanced glucose release by twofold within stipulated time, but aided in recovery of Cellic CTec2 which was further recycled and reused for second round of saccharification. During first round of hydrolysis, when Cellic CTec2 was loaded at 25 mg protein/g cellulose content, it resulted in 76.24 ± 2.18% saccharification with a protein recovery of 58.4 ± 1.09%. Filtration through 50KDa PES membrane retained ~ 89% protein in 4.5-fold concentrated form and leads to simultaneous fractionation of ~ 70% glucose in the permeate. Later, the saccharification potential of recycled Cellic CTec2 was assessed for the second round of saccharification using two different approaches. Unfortified enzyme effectively hydrolysed 67% cellulose, whereas 72% glucose release was observed with Cellic CTec2 fortified with 25% fresh protein top-up. Incorporating the use of the recycled enzyme in two-stage hydrolysis could effectively reduce the Cellic CTec2 loading from 25 to 16.8 mg protein/g cellulose. Furthermore, 80% ethanol conversion efficiencies were achieved when glucose-rich permeate obtained after the first and second rounds of saccharification were evaluated using
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
MTCC 180.
Abstract
Global climate change induced environmental stress such as salinity significantly impact growth and crop productivity. Red amaranth (
Amaranthus tricolor
L.) is a vegetable commodity that ...has high nutritional value, but its productivity will decrease when grown in saline area. Seed priming is one of the pre-planting treatment techniques used to increase plant growth under unfavourable conditions. Osmopriming is one of the priming techniques where the seeds will be immersed in a solution with a high osmotic potential, such as PEG (Polyethylene Glycol). The purpose of this study was to determine the morphophysiological response of red amaranth to osmopriming treatment under salinity stress. Complete randomized design was used to arrange this experiment containing two variables including seed osmopriming (0, 5% and 10% of PEG) and salinity stress (0, 50, and 100 mM of NaCl). Morphophysiological parameters were measured including plant height, number of leaves, root length, leaf chlorophyll content, proline content, oxalic acid content and Ca-oxalate crystal density. After seed osmopriming with 10% of PEG 6000 increased plant height, number of leaves and root length of red amaranth Under salinity stress. Chlorophyll content increased while proline, oxalic acid content and Ca-oxalate crystal density decreased on osmopriming with 10% of PEG 6000. Seed osmopriming enhances morphophysiological characters to overcome problems in cultivating of red amaranth on saline area.
Exploit the Flory-Huggins Theory and its interaction parameter to measure the contribution of each of the homopolymers of the graft copolymer Soluplus® to the solubilization of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) ...and nifedipine (NIF).
The melting point depression for each crystalline drug in the presence of Soluplus® and each of its component homopolymers, namely poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) (PVCL), poly(vinylacetate) (PVAc), and poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG), was measured at various drug levels using differential scanning calorimetry. Glass transition temperatures were calculated across the entire range for drug-polymer mixtures for comparison to the Gordon-Taylor prediction. The intersection of the melting point depression curve with the mixture glass transition curve provides an estimate of the solubility of the drug in the polymer. The solubility of these crystalline drugs in each homopolymer was calculated and a solubility in Soluplus® was estimated based on the homopolymer contributions.
PEG 6000 exhibited a negative interaction parameter with SMX and NIF, indicating a relatively strong drug-polymer interaction. For PVAc, a small positive interaction parameter indicated a relatively weak drug-polymer interaction. The approach was not suitable for assessing the drug-PVCL interaction. However, other approaches could be taken to estimate the solubility of the drug in a polymer, including extrapolating the enthalpy of melting as a function of the volume fraction of the polymer to zero enthalpy to determine the maximum concentration miscible with the polymer and equating a parameter across the ideal solubility equation and the Flory-Huggins equation.
The Flory-Huggins Theory allowed identification of the contribution of two of the homopolymers to the solubilization of NIF and SMX by Soluplus®, namely PEG and PVAc. PVAc and PVCL each demonstrated a weak interaction with each drug. However, PEG 6000 would substantially contribute to the drug solubilization due to its marked affinity for each drug.
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•Flory-Huggins Theory was employed to identify the solubility in SMX and NIF.•MPD approach was utilized to access the solubility in each component homopolymer.•This work utilized such theory from an angle that was not touched before.
A common problem with vegetable production in saline areas is poor crop stand, but for black cumin (
Nigella sativa
L.) germination data are limited and inconsistent. The effects of chemical priming ...with Urmia lake salt and urea solutions for 16 h at 30 °C on seed germination and seedling growth of black cumin (
Nigella sativa
L.) were studied under various osmotic stress levels. For a more detailed assessment of chemical priming, the effects of hydropriming for 16 h at 30 °C were also studied. A seed lot that was not exposed to any treatment, except disinfection, was used as control. Osmotic stress levels were − 2, − 4, − 6, and − 8 bar, which were achieved with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000). Seed germination of black cumin was reduced by 16.2%, 33.8%, 50.9%, and 74.9% under osmotic potential − 2, − 4, − 6, and − 8 bar, respectively, compared with non-stressed control. Improved germination index values, reduced mean germination time, and increased coefficients of velocity of germination were observed under osmotic stress in primed seeds compared with non-primed control. Averaged over priming treatments, priming improved the final germination percentage by 10.5%, 24.3%, 45.5%, and 74.6% under osmotic potential − 2, − 4, − 6, and − 8 bar, respectively. Post-germination growth was also inhibited under low osmotic potential compared with the non-stressed control. Nevertheless, priming improved length and weight of black cumin seedlings and enhanced peroxidase and catalase activity at all osmotic potential levels compared with non-primed seeds. Higher seedling vigor indices were recorded in seedlings from primed seeds with decreasing osmotic potential levels than non-primed seeds. Urmia lake salt priming had the greatest impact on improving seed germination and vigor indices, especially under osmotic stress conditions. Although seed priming did not completely eliminate the symptoms of osmotic stress in black cumin germination, it is an efficient method to mitigate the impact of osmotic stress on germination of this species.
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