In recent years, the presence of antibiotics in soil is major concern due to its hazardous effect on human health, soil microbiota, and food crops. The phytoremediation is considered an effective ...method for removing antibiotics from contaminated sites. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of many plants in the removal of antibiotics are still unknown. In this study, the potential of Pelargonium graveolens L. in the removal of tetracycline (TC) from soil was investigated at three different concentrations (100 mg kg−1, 200 mg kg−1 TC, and 400 mg kg−1). The mechanism of antibiotic sequestration in the plant was also examined in a hydroponic system at three different concentrations (5 mg L−1, 10 mg L−1, and 15 mg L−1). The results demonstrated that the concentrations of TC in leaves, stems, and roots ranged from 13.57 to 21.57 mg kg−1, 0.27–0.48 mg kg−1, and 5.19–7.09 mg kg−1 in different soil treatments. The TC treatments led to a significant reduction in biomass (23.3–54.8 %), root length (42.3–69.2 %), as well as chlorophyll a (24.48–52.18 %), chlorophyll b (16.35–31.70 %), and protein content (23–42.4 %) compared to the control. Moreover, there was a notable increase in proline and SOD activity (19.54–45.72 %) in plant leaves. Hydroponic study demonstrated that more uptake of TC by symplast (1.75–10.51 mg kg−1) than in the apoplast (0.09–9.63 mg kg−1). The Michaelis-Menten kinetic suggested that a higher upward translocation capacity and greater affinity of TC in the aboveground parts of P. graveolens. The higher sequestration of TC was observed in soluble fraction of all tissues. Tetracycline accumulation and distribution suggested that P. graveolens can withstand tetracycline stress and can be used for remediation purpose for antibiotic contaminated areas.
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•P. graveolens demonstrated a good tolerance index for tetracycline.•The symplast was the dominant pathway for uptake.•Michaelis-Menten kinetic suggested favourable upward translocation in plant.•P. graveolens displayed good potential for remediation for tetracycline.
Pelargonium graveolens L’Her is an aromatic, rose-scented herb which is indigenous to various parts of southern Africa, and nowadays cultivated worldwide. This work presents the first phytochemical ...investigation of P. graveolens cultivated in Bosnia. The volatile profile of odorous parts of the plant was analysed by GC/MS. More than eighty compounds were identified in essential oils obtained from the leaves and stems, representing 92.3% and 96.3% in total, respectively. The major compounds in essential oils were oxygenated monoterpenes (64.3–74.2%), with geraniol (27.5–50.2%) and citronellol (14.2–19.0%) as the main representatives. The content of phenolic compounds in corresponding hydrosols as 34.88 ± 2.00 mg GAE/g in leaves and 102.44 ± 1.63 mg GAE/g in stems including flavonoid compounds of 32.35 ± 0.81 mg GAE/g to 101.87 ± 1.03 mg GAE/g. The radical-scavenging activity was measured by the DPPH method and IC50 values ranged from 0.19 ± 0.05 mg/mL (stems) to 0.39 ± 0.04 mg/mL (leaves) for hydrosols, and from 63.70 ± 1.56 mg/mL (leaves) to 64.88 ± 1.12 mg/mL (stems) for essential oils.
► We isolated essential oil from aerial parts of P. graveolens L'Her. ► We determined essentail oil constituents using GC/MS technique. ► We determined total phenolic and flavonoid content in hydrosols of P. graveolens. ► We examined antioxidant activity of isolated extracts using DPPH radical method. ► All examined samples showed prominent antioxidant activity comparable with thymol.
•Forty-two volatile components were identified by GC-FID and GC–MS analyses for P. graveolens essential oil.•A significant variation of the phenolic contents attributed to organs was revealed.•The ...highest amounts of polyphenol, flavonoid, flavonol and tannin were shown by the methanolic extracts.•Extracts and oils exhibited a strong acethylcholinesterase and α-amylase inhibitory activity.•The oils and extracts were found to posses strong antioxidant, antibacterial and phytotoxic activities.
The phytochemical composition of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. essential oils and extracts of flowers and leaves and their anticholinesterase, anti-α-amylase, antioxidant, antibacterial and allelopathic potential were investigated. Forty-two volatile components were identified by GC-FID and GC–MS analyses. Citronellol (26.98 %–24.3 %), geraniol (20.65 %–21.81 %) and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (13.06 %–5.13 %) were the main constituents for leaves and flowers oils. The highest amounts of polyphenols (142.71 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (52.32 mg RE/g DW) and flavonols (20.15 mg RE/g DW) were shown by the polar subfraction of the leaf extracts. Flowers were characterized by high levels of condensed tannins (13.27 mg CE/g DW). Essential oils and extracts were found to possess important capacity to inhibit the α-amylase and acethylcholinesterase activities. The oils' and extracts antioxidant activity was relatively high, determined by DPPH (IC50 = 711–1280 μg/mL for oils and 12.24–44.24 μg/mL for extracts) and ABTS (15.8–17.95 μg TE/mg DW for oils and 131.54–241.83 μg TE/mg DW for extracts) assays, which was correlated to their phenolic contents. Based on the determination of the diameter of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration, a high antibacterial activity according to oils and extracts was revealed against eleven bacteria strains. Also, the P. graveolens oils and extracts inhibited the shoot and root growth of Medicago sativa L., Triticum aestivum L. and Lactuca sativa L. seedlings. Therefore, P. graveolens can be used as a natural source of bioactive compounds in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Pelargonium graveolens L'Her. is an important commercial crop and source of industrially acclaimed geranium oil. Field experiments were conducted to study the response of integrated nutrient ...management on crop productivity, plant biochemical parameters, essential oil yield, oil quality, nutrient content and antioxidant property in P. graveolens during the years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 in Lucknow, India. Different organic manures and chemical fertilizers in various combinations were applied to the crop. Plant height increased by 44%, leaf area by 40%, and essential oil yield increased to 106% in poultry manure (PM) + chemical fertilizer (CF) treatment. The N content was highest in CF followed by PM + CF, which were about 37% and 34% greater than the control, respectively. Antioxidant activity increased from 1.53% (control) to 5.94% in PM + CF treatment. Percentage of major aroma compounds increased in the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer. Geraniol (26.08%-28.98%) was the major constituent of essential oil, followed by citronellol (22.86%-28.82%), 10-epi- gamma -eudesmol (5.15%-5.31%), isomenthone (5.44%-6.83%) and linalool (3.01%-4.21%). Study concludes that the combined application of fifty percent each of CF (75:30:30 N:P:K kg ha super(-1)) and PM (2.5 kg ha super(-1)) gave significantly higher herb and oil yield with improved aroma profile, enhanced antioxidant properties and improvement in soil characteristics.
The present study investigated the possible effect of profenofos (PFF) on hepato-renal functions, non specific-immunity, and oxidants/antioxidants status in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.), and the ...supportive role of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) essential oil (GEO). A static 96-h acute toxicity test was performed to determine the 96-h LC50 of PFF in common carp fingerlings and it was found to be 47.46 μg L−1 calculated by Finney probit analysis. One hundred and twenty fish were randomly allocated into four groups in triplicate. The first served as control and second groups were fed on basal diets that were enriched with 0.0 and 400 mg kg−1 of diet GEO, respectively without PFF exposure. The third and fourth groups were fed on the same diets and in addition, were exposed to 1/10 of the 96 h-LC50 of PFF (4.74 μg L−1), respectively for 60 days. The results revealed that the PFF exposure induced marked increases in the levels of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Meanwhile, the serum total protein (TP), globulins, glucose, lysozyme activity, complement3 (C3), nitric oxide (NO), and hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities as well as the reduced glutathione (GSH) content were markedly declined in the PFF-exposed fish compared to the control group. Additionally, vacuolation, pyknosis, and degeneration of hepatocytes and epithelial cells of renal tubules with mononuclear cell infiltration were observed. A strong caspase-3 and weak BCL-2 immunohisto-reactivity in the liver and kidney tissues of PFF-exposed fish were noted respective to the control. Interestingly, GEO supplementation improved these variables with nearly restoring to control values with improving the histological architecture of liver and kidney tissues. The apoptotic condition of the examined tissues was markedly restricted in the combination group than PFF-exposed group. These results concluded that GEO has ameliorative influence against toxic impacts of PFF on hepato-renal functions, immunological parameters, and oxidative stress in common carp, and therefore, maybe a valuable candidate as a dietary supplement in aquaculture.
•Profenofos exposure induced hepato-renal toxicity, immunosuppression, and oxidative stress in common carp.•Geranium essential oil (GEO) improved hepato-renal and immune functions of PFF-exposed fish.•GEO ameliorated the oxidative stress and restricted the apoptotic condition in liver and kidney of PFF-exposed fish.
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•The study deals with the changes in antioxidant activity of plant and metal uptake when grown on tannery sludge treated soil.•Proline and melondialdehyde content was increased at all ...concentration of tannery sludge treated soil.•Superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activity decreased at 100% tannery sludge.•At 50:50 ratio of sludge and soil, metal translocation factor was more than 0.7 for Cr, Cd, Co and Pb and more than 1 for Ni.•No detectable amount of metal was found in oil of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér.
The metal accumulation potential of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. grown with various amendments of heavy metal (HM) rich tannery sludge (TS) was studied. Root accumulated more metals followed by leaves and stem. At 50:50 ratio of TS and soil, translocation factor (TF) for Cd, Co, Ni, Pb and Cr were 0.77, 0.74, 1.09, 0.81 and 0.70, respectively. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid content and biomass of plant were high at 50:50 ratio of sludge and soil. Maximum oil content was observed at the same ratio of sludge and soil. No detectable amount of metal was found in the oil of P. graveolens. Citronellol, geraniol (C/G) ratio was close to 1 at 50:50 ratio of TS and soil, which is considered to be the best oil quality and most preferred by the industries. HMs present in TS increased oxidative stress in plant resulting in increased level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), proline and melondialdehyde (MDA) at all ratios of TS and soil as compared to control. At 100% TS without soil antioxidant activity decreased which indicated that high concentration of HMs impaired the oxygen scavenging function. Translocation factor emphasized that 50:50 ratio of TS and soil were suitable for extraction of various metals without affecting the oil yield of P. graveolens. So, this plant can be suggested as a good candidate to be grown in metal polluted soil vis-à-vis for phytostabilization of metals.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the acaricidal activity of two forms of geranium (
Pelargonium graveolens
) (PG). These two forms were the
P. graveolens
...essential oil nanoemulsion (PGN), and the PG in combination with the sesame oil (SO), PGSO). These forms were first evaluated in vitro for their adulticidal, ovicidal, and larvicidal activities against the different stages of acaricide-resistant
Rhipicephalus annulatus
(Say). Geranium nanoemulsion was prepared and then characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and zeta droplet size measurement. The results revealed that LC
50
of the PG against the adult ticks was attained at concentration of 7.53% while it was decreased to 1.91% and 5.60% for PGSO and PGN, respectively. Also, the LC
50
of PGN and PGSO were reached at concentrations of 1.688 and 0.944%, respectively against the larvae while the LC
50
of the PG was reached at concentration of 3.435% for. The combination of PGN with PG exhibited non-significant ovicidal effect meanwhile PGSO showed significant ovicidal effect even at the low concentration (2.5%). The PGSO and PGN formulations were applied in a field trial to control the ticks of the naturally infested cattle. PGSO and PGN significantly reduced the tick burden to 74.83% and 87.97%, respectively at 3 weeks post-application with performance better than the deltamethrin (29.88%). In conclusion, the two PG forms can be used as suitable alternatives to control
R. annulatus
tick and they need further modifications for effective field application.
•The evaluation of the antifungal properties of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil against the citrus pathogen Fusarium proliferatum was achieved.•Molecular docking study was carried out to give ...insights into the interactions of five derivatives with the binding sites of trichodiene synthase from the Fusarium.•The drug-likeness property of the substance was assessed through pharmacokinetic evaluation.•DFT based electronic structure calculations have been carried out at B3LYP/6–31 G (d, p) level of theory.
In order to valorize Algerian aromatic and medicinal plants, this study focused on both the evaluation of the antifungal activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil against the citrus fungus Fusarium proliferatum and the in-silico study of its fractions. Moreover, the results showed a strong antifungal potential of all tested essential oil (EO) concentrations compared to the commercial fungicide Agriconazole. Five major molecules that, to our knowledge, have not been the subject of any theoretical study are selected to perform the in-silico study. The stability and molecular reactivity of these five molecules were computed using the HOMO-LUMO energies, energy gap, chemical potential (μ), electronegativity (χ), hardness (η), and softness (S) values. In silico analysis through molecular docking and pharmacokinetic evaluation was used to assess its antifungal activity and drug-likeness property. The in silico DFT, ADMET, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics studies confirm that the results have a greater affinity with the in vitro tests carried out for the selection of new antifungal products of natural origin.
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•Three PGP bacteria were tested as bioelicitors for Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér growth.•Positive effects on growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments were observed.•Inoculation with P. ...rhizophila S211 + O. iheyensis E9 gave the highest leaf biomass.•The consortium was the most efficient to enhance phenolic and flavonoid production.•The dual inoculations are highly efficient to improve essential oils accumulation.
Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. well known as rose-scented geranium is used worldwide in perfume, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. The essential oil and phenolic concentrations for this species were reported to be very low which requires their improvement. The effect of three plant growth promoting bacteria namely Pseudomonas rhizophila S211, Halomonas desertis G11 and Oceanobacillus iheyensis E9 on P. graveolens transplants were evaluated with single, dual and consortium modalities under semi controlled conditions. Significant positive effects on the growth related parameters, leaf and root biomass, photosynthetic pigments and secondary metabolites production were observed with inoculum-specific response. The highest root biomass was recorded with the dual inoculation H. desertis G11+ O. iheyensis E9 while the inoculum P. rhizophila S211 + O. iheyensis E9 showed the highest ability to enhance fresh leaf biomass (12.27 ± 0.61 g) leading to an improvement rate of 43.34 % over the control. A significant increase in the amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids contents in the inoculated plants over the control was revealed for all the treatments. The consortium was the most efficient to enhance the contents of total phenolics (105.62 ± 2.95 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoids (48.55 ± 1.25 mg RE/g DW) resulting in an increase over the control of 67.35 % and 53.59 %, respectively. The essential oil synthesis was enhanced significantly for all the inoculated transplants compared with the control conditions. The dual inoculations resulted in the highest levels of essential oil contents in P. graveolens leaves, followed by the consortium than individual inoculants. The dual inoculation H. desertis G11 + O. iheyensis E9 gave the highest essential oil amount (0.49 ± 0.03 %) with an increase of 68.96 % over the control (0.29 ± 0.01 %). The GC–MS analyses of the essential oils resulted in the identification of 23 compounds. In all treatments, citronellol (25.84–40.02 %), geraniol (9.67–11.96 %), citronellyl formate (5.35–10.14 %), 2-phenylethyl tiglate (4.58–7.13 %), epi-γ-eudesmol (4.38–5.87 %) and linalool (2.56–4.07 %) are the main compounds with qualitative and quantitative variation. Interestingly, the three dual inoculations gave the highest amounts of citronellol, citronellyl formate and citronellyl tiglate compounds. The highest concentration of the high-value citronellol (40.02 %) which defines the commercial value of P. graveolens was recorded with the inoculum H. desertis G11+ O. iheyensis E9 resulting in an increase rate of 54.87 % over the control (25.84 %). This study suggests the efficiency of the studied inoculums as promising biofertilizers with significant potentials to enhance P. graveolens biomass and secondary metabolites production which present an alternative biotechnological tool to limit the excessive use of chemical fertilizers.
