The objective of this study was to translate and validate the Online Homework Distraction Scale (OHDS) for Peruvian university students. Accordingly, an instrumental cross-sectional study was ...conducted with 811 university students, including students of both sexes aged between 16 and 39 (
M
= 20.96 years; SD = 4.42) residing in the city of Lima. The content-based validity evidence was analyzed using Aiken’s V coefficient based on the internal structure through a confirmatory factor analysis and considered in relation to other variables a through correlation analysis. The reliability was calculated using the Omega coefficient. Expert opinions were favorable for all items (
V
> 0.70). The one-dimensional structure of the scale was confirmed, and it presented acceptable reliability (α > 0.70). Thus, the OHDS for university students is a measure with a valid and reliable scale.
The geomorphology, hydrology and processes of ephemeral streams are poorly known and studies on the geomorphic characteristics of ephemeral meandering streams (EMS) are even less investigated. We ...collected geomorphic data (namely, channel width, sinuosity, wavelength and curvature radius) from 107 EMS reaches in different drylands of the world from GoogleEarth Pro® satellite images. Geomorphology features/processes, such as neck cutoffs, point scrolls and chute cutoffs, were also assessed. The main aim of this paper is to investigate similarities and differences between EMS and perennial counterparts of more humid areas (on which almost all hydrogeomorphic models are based) for the purpose of explaining why meandering rivers form in environments where the lack of vegetation, sporadic flows and a high sediment supply should favour the development of braided rivers. EMS showed both geomorphological similarities and differences with perennial rivers. Point bar chute cutoffs and point bar scrolls are the most common geomorphic features of EMS, suggesting a certain stability of meander behaviour, though within a continuous process of changes towards the most probable form, similarly to perennial streams. The bimodal distribution of curvature ratio values departs substantially from that of perennial rivers that are commonly in the 2–3 range. Data from the rivers in this study indicate that their channel pattern is well described by the same sine generated function used for perennial rivers. Wavelength to channel width ratio and bankfull discharge to streambed gradient of EMS unexpectedly plot in different areas of classical diagrams developed for perennial rivers. We interpret such differences in terms of excess energy expenditure for high sediment load transport. We also propose a new function to discriminate the meandering from the braided pattern of ephemeral streams, and present a conceptual model of meander formation in ephemerals streams based on an autogenic process of bank collapse and bar deposition.
•EMS have geomorphic similarities and differences with perennial rivers.•Channel pattern of EMS is well described by a sine-generated function.•Curvature ratio is smaller or larger than the range predicted for perennial rivers.•A new braided-meandering discriminating function is presented for ephemeral rivers.•Lack of vegetation and bank collapse trigger ephemeral stream meandering.
Sulphate mineralization precipitated around a geyser located above the village of Pinchollo, Chivay district and below Hualca Hualca volcano (6025 m a.s.l.) in the Western Cordillera of southern Peru ...is described. The geyser is one of many manifestations of thermal activity in the Arequipa department. Its age is estimated to be Upper Pleistocene–Holocene, as the discharge point lies at the intersection of a fault system with latitudinal dip-slip fault cutting a volcanic-debris avalanche of probably Pleistocene age. Thermal waters present in the Chivay district are mainly chloride-rich with a neutral pH. They are rich in Li, Sr, and B. The water erupting in the geyser boils at about 85 °C, as it lies at some 4353 m a.s.l.
The minerals examined, of various habits and various yellow, orange and white colours were precipitated on the soil and on plants close to the geyser (location 1), on the walls of a 1 m diameter pothole filled with boiling water (location 1a) and at a distance of some 100 m to the west of the geyser (location 2). All are sulphates. Their chemical composition is fairly simple, consisting of Al, Fe, K, Mg, Ca, S, NH4 and O, and all display chemical zoning. But the phase composition is more complex. In all locations, alunogene, copiapite, coquimbite, tschermigite and gypsum are present. Close to the geyser (location 1) magnesium-containing sulphates, namely, boussingaultite and pickeringite also occur. Iron sulphates such as mohrite and rozenite precipitate on the walls of the pothole (location 1a). Sulphates containing potassium such as jarosite, alunite and voltaite–voltaite (Mg) dominate among the efflorescences in location 2, where hematite was also noted. Any quartz and kaolinite or illite/mica admixture identified in some samples derives from adjacent soil.
The present geothermal system does not involve the deposition of precious-metal deposits such as those associated with an earlier deep-going epithermal system that scavenged a large volume of rock. Most likely, as the present-day thermal waters do not involve a juvenile-water component, the geyser waters derive from a shallower source.
► The kind of efflorescences in the vicinity of the geyser near Pinchollo is identified. ► Geochemical partitioning depending on locality is noticed. ► Thermal water, rocks suites and volcanoes activity response to the efflorescences composition.
Binge drinking and suicidal ideation are public health problems that have consequences on the well-being of Peruvian adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between binge drinking ...and suicidal ideation in Peruvian adolescents.
A secondary data analysis of the health questionnaire of the Demographic and Family Health Surveys from 2013 to 2019 was performed. The outcome variable was suicidal ideation in the last 14 days, assessed with one of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) questions, while the independent variable was binge drinking in the last 30 days. Generalized linear models of the Poisson family with logarithmic link (crude and adjusted) were used to assess the association of interest.
Data from a total of 11,609 participants were analyzed. The pooled prevalence of suicidal ideation was 8.5 % (95 % confidence interval CI: 7.8–9.2), and that of binge drinking was 5.8 % (95 % CI: 5.2–6.5). An association was found between binge drinking and suicidal ideation in the adjusted analysis (adjusted prevalence ratio: 2.95; 95 % CI: 1.69–3.09).
The cross-sectional design of the study does not allow for establishing a causal relationship.
Between 2013 and 2019, nine out of every 100 Peruvian adolescents had suicidal ideation, and six out of every 100 adolescents had binge drinking. An association was found between both risk behaviors in Peruvian adolescents.
•Suicidal ideation is a health problem affecting 9 % of Peruvian adolescents.•Binge drinking is a social and health problem that affects 6 % of Peruvian adolescents.•Our study found an association between both problems in Peruvian adolescents.•Identification of binge drinking should be a mandatory criterion in mental health assessment.
La diabetes mellitus es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial y causa un aumento de la morbimortalidad en la población afectada con el desarrollo de complicaciones micro y macrovasculares. ...Actualmente la epidemia causada por el SARS-CoV-2 está en constante aumento en muchos países provocando el colapso de los sistemas de salud al generar un aumento de la demanda de atención, así como un aumento de la mortalidad asociada. Los reportes disponibles describen que los pacientes con diabetes mellitus presentan un mayor riesgo de evolución desfavorable, desarrollo de complicaciones e incluso un aumento de la tasa de mortalidad. Se ha propuesto algunos mecanismos fisiopatológicos para tratar de explicar esta especial evolución en los pacientes con diabetes. Ante la presencia de enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 en nuestro país y de un importante grupo de pacientes de alto riesgo, se presenta una revisión de la fisiopatología y consideraciones de manejo de esta asociación.
Between 38.5 ka cal BP and 32.4 ka cal BP, a dacitic Volcanic Explosivity Index 5 eruption at Misti volcano emplaced the Sacarosa tephra-fall deposit. Its biotite phenocrysts, fine grain size, scarce ...lithics, and abundant loose crystals characterize the deposit at locations sampled. The eruption’s ~ 800 °C magma rose rapidly from ~ 10 km depth, culminating in a Plinian eruption which reached a mass eruption rate of 7.7 × 10
6
–4.1 × 10
7
kg/s and emplaced about 3 km
3
of tephra within tens of hours. The unit comprises two layers of subequal thickness separated by a diffuse contact with the upper distinguished by being slightly coarser and less well sorted than the lower. The deposit’s coarser upper layer indicates either climactic conditions or a lesser degree of fragmentation during the latter half of the eruption. Strong winds distributed the deposit southwest of Misti, where it crops out over at least 800 km
2
and drapes the present site of Arequipa with up to 100 cm of tephra. The Sacarosa deposit is the first among the Cayma stage deposits, a distinctive group of felsic, biotite-bearing units, to be carefully described and its eruption characterized. Several Cayma stage deposits were emplaced by voluminous explosive eruptions similar to the Sacarosa eruption, representing a ~ 8.9–15.5 ky interval of powerful eruptions. Such an explosive eruption today would threaten Arequipa’s over 1,100,000 residents, many of whom live within the Sacarosa deposit’s distribution.
In a study of residues from gourd and squash artifacts, we recovered starch grains from manioc (Manihot esculenta), potato (Solanum sp.), chili pepper (Capsicum spp.), arrowroot (Maranta ...arundinacea), and algarrobo (Prosopis sp.) from feasting contexts at the Buena Vista site, a central Peruvian preceramic site dating to almost equal to2200 calendar years B.C. This study has implications for the study of plant food use wherever gourds or squashes are preserved, documents the earliest evidence for the consumption of algarrobo and arrowroot in Peru, and provides insights into foods consumed at feasts.
The COVID-19 pandemic drastically affected higher education and higher education students around the world, but few studies of college students’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic have been ...conducted in Latin America. This study describes the COVID-19-related experiences and perspectives of Peruvian college students. We surveyed 3,427 full-time college students (average age: 23 years) attending a multi-campus Peruvian university in fall 2020. Participants were recruited through the digital platform of the learning management system at their university, email, and social media. We asked participants how they were managing risks related to COVID-19; the continuity of social, educational, and work activities; and the psychological and economic impacts of the pandemic on their lives. Since March 2020, 73.0% of participants reported COVID-19-related symptoms, but only 33.9% were tested for COVID-19. During the national quarantine imposed by the Peruvian government (March 15–June 30, 2020), 64.3% of participants remained in their house. Furthermore, while 44.0% of participants were working in February 2020 (95% CI: 41.7%, 46.4%), only 23.6% (95% CI: 21.7%, 25.7%) were working immediately after the pandemic began (i.e., at the end of April 2020). Participants were more stressed about the health and educational implications of COVID-19 for Peruvian society and their families than about themselves. The public health, economic, and educational implications of COVID-19 on college students are continuing to unfold. This study informed Peruvian higher education institutions’ continued response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the progressive return to postpandemic activities, as well as other future pandemics and other crises.
Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) syndrome (APDS) is an inborn error of immunity (IEI) caused by a gain-of-function mutation in the PIK3CD gene. It is characterized by recurrent ...respiratory infections, chronic herpes infections, lymphoproliferation, mucosal lymphoid hyperplasia, enteropathy and immune dysregulation. This condition can be misdiagnosed with other diseases, such as lymphoma or other IEI. Additionally, limited knowledge of APDS in physicians could generate delay in diagnosis, treatment and lead to worse outcomes, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to describe the clinical features and treatment of APDS in Peruvian children evaluated in two centers.
We retrospectively analyzed data from eight patients with APDS evaluated in the two main Peruvian clinical immunology centers. Demographics, clinical features, laboratory analysis, and treatment data were included.
All patients were female. At the onset of symptoms and diagnosis, the mean age was 1.4 (SD: 0.98) and 6 (SD: 2.1) years, respectively. The mean delay in diagnosis was 4.5 (SD: 2.7) years. No consanguinity was reported, and only one patient had a family history of IEI. The mortality rate was 25% (2 patients). The main clinical manifestations were lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly (100%), chronic diarrhea and recurrent pneumonia (87.5%), and splenomegaly (62.5%). All the patients had E1021K mutation. Seven patients (87.5%) had elevated IgG and 50% had elevated IgM. Regarding treatment, all the patients received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), 50% were treated with everolimus and only one patient received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, chronic diarrhea, pneumonia, and IVIG treatment were the main features. Our cohort had limited treatment options with calcineurin inhibitors and transplantation and laboratory testing such as lymphocyte population and functional antibody tests. Although genetic testing was done on all the patients, it was supported by international collaboration. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the diagnosis and management impact on patients with APDS in our setting.
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