This book examines the evolution, function, problems and prospects of private security companies in the maritime sector.
The private security industry continues to evolve after its renaissance over ...the past few decades, first in Africa, and later in Iraq and Afghanistan. Despite this, little academic work has been done to date on the role of private security in the maritime environment. This lacuna has become more pronounced as the threat of piracy, terrorism, and other acts of maritime political violence have caused littoral states and commercial entities alike to consider the use of private security to mitigate risks.
Maritime Private Security is an edited volume specifically dedicated to combating the absence of academic research in this area. The discussion of this multi-faceted subject is organised into four key parts:
Part I: The Historical and Contemporary Market in Maritime Private Security Services
Part II: The Emergence of Private Anti-Piracy Escorts in the Commercial Sector
Part III: The Privatization of Coast Guard Services
Part IV: Private Security Responses to Maritime Terrorism
This book will be of much interest to students of naval policy and maritime security, private security companies, piracy and terrorism, international law and IR in general.
Les oxydes sont des matériaux complexes possédant une physique riche et toujours au centre de nombreuses recherches. Parmi ces oxydes, les manganites ont retenu notre attention car ils présentent une ...transition métal-isolant abrupte en température, générant un très fort coefficient en température en conditions d’environnement standards. L’objectif de ce travail est de démontrer que ce fort coefficient peut être exploité pour l’amélioration des performances des jauges de pression de type Pirani qui subissent un certain essoufflement dans leur développement. La voie menant à l’aboutissement d’une telle jauge à base d’oxydes pose en revanche un certain nombre de limites technologiques à lever et auxquelles nous avons répondu. La première de ces limites concerne l’intégration des oxydes monocristallins sur silicium, que nous avons reproduite et étendue au cas des substrats de type SOI et GaAs. Nos procédés proposent de passer par deux techniques, l’épitaxie par jets moléculaire et l’ablation laser, pour assurer une croissance optimale de nos films sur ces substrats et d’assurer la reproductibilité de leur réponse en température, notamment la position de leur température de transition en accord avec l’état de l’art. L’épitaxie de ces oxydes génère un niveau de contrainte non négligeable qui n’a jamais été mesuré. En concevant divers dispositifs autosupportés, et en s’appuyant sur les considérations théoriques et des modélisations par éléments finis, nous avons pu quantifier la relaxation de cette contrainte importante et assurer près de 100% de reproductibilité des systèmes suspendus. Ces mêmes systèmes nous permettent de caractériser pour la première fois le facteur de jauge des manganites monocristallines par l’application d’une contrainte contrôlée par nanoindentation. Il est également démontré qu’ils constituent des jauges de pression Pirani à la sensibilité accrue de deux ordres de grandeur pour une consommation en puissance réduite. Des solutions permettant d’améliorer l’ensemble des aspects de ces jauges sont étudiées.
Functional perovskite oxides are of great interest for fundamental and applied research thanks to the numerous physical properties and inherent mechanisms they display. With the maturation of thin film deposition techniques, research teams are able to reproduce oxide films and nanostructures of great crystalline quality with some of the most remarkable properties found in physics, a state leading now to upper-level thoughts like their ability to fulfill industrial needs. This thesis work is an answer to some of the problematics that arise when considering the oxide transition from the research to the industrial world, by focusing on their integration for micromechanical devices (MEMS) such as sensors. In order to ease the access to MEMS manufacturing, it is of importance to allow the deposition of thin oxide films on semiconductor substrates. A first study show that these access bridges can be crossed when using appropriate buffer layers such as SrTiO3 deposited on Silicon or gallium arsenide – produced in close collaboration with INL by Molecular Beam Epitaxy - and yttria-stabilized zirconia directly grown on silicon by pulsed laser deposition, which adapts the surface properties of the substrate to perovksite-based materials. Formation of thin epitaxial and monocristalline films of functional oxides is thus allowed on such buffer layers. As an example, characterization of two mixed-valence manganites La0.80Ba0.20MnO3 and La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 demonstrates that both materials are of excellent crystalline quality on these semiconducting substrates and that their physical characteristics match the one found on classical oxide substrates like SrTiO3. Stress evolution in thin films, which has a major effect in epitaxial materials, is then addressed to quantify its impact on oxide microstructure viability. This work gives an identification of the most significant factors favoring stress generation in the case of the films we produced. Then, based on the deformation measurement of free-standing cantilevers made of manganites on pseudo-substrates, and with the support of appropriate analytical models, a new state of equilibrium is established, giving new information about the evolution of static stress from deposition to MEMS device manufacturing. Solutions to manage their reproducibility is then studied. From another perspective, free-standing microstructures made of monocristaline manganites were used to display the effect of dynamical strain on their electrical resistivity (piezoresistivity) and their inherent structures.Finally, a specific example of the capabilities of reproducible free-standing microbridges made of manganites is presented through the conception of a pressure gauge based on Pirani effect. Indeed, it is shown that the abrupt resistivity change this material exhibits near their metal-to-insulating transition creates high temperature coefficients in standard application environments that can be taken as an advantage to improve the sensibility and power consumption of such gauges whose development had significantly slowed down over the past years. A set of improvements on their sensitivity range and their signal acquisition is also presented. Combined to a specific and innovative package, it is also demonstrated that Pirani gauge capabilities can be enhanced and that the complete devices fulfill embedded application requirements.
36 - stages of manual realization of sophisticated flight apparatus
43 - Prodi comments on the phenomena of industrial modernisation and the repercussions on employment (in v.)
11 - workers follow ...automated steps in steel production
14 - Pirani continues the interview with Prodi, who explains the structure of the IRI and the development of turnover (provisional budget) of the Institute using maps and schemes on PC (in v.)
10 - control room with electronic equipment and TV screens
8 - Noce intervenes on the crisis of the Italian steel industry against the background of a plant, perhaps the Ilva di Taranto, and on the needs of industrial reconversion and displacement of the workforce (in v.)
13 - walnut illustrates the operation of the continuous casting machine (in v.) and other phases of steel processing
23 - statements by Marisa Bellisario on electronic and electromechanical technological applications to the telephony sector
40 - robot at work on the assembly line of the shells of the\ "Juliet\"
4 - in the hall there are, among other representatives of the government and public administration, Craxi and Ferrari Aggrads, Berlinguer
30 - fuselage of the Spacelab module and other appliances under construction
16 - Moscow explains to the microphone the technology of projects carried out for the us and Italian post offices
6 - among the managers of IRI inq Silvano Allevi, director of the administration department, Michele Tedeschi, head of personnel, Veniero Ajmone Marzan, director of office for studies and strategies
20 - central to the sip\ "Volta\": Elsag machinery for automatic meter reading, photographed at a speed of 200,000 digits per hour, and automatic bill packaging.
2 - on the headlines the voice of Bruno Vespa, Rai journalist, comments on the arrival of President Pertini at the IRI auditorium on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the institute
42 - finishing operations are entrusted to the quality of human execution
26 - IRI offices in via Veneto: meeting with American astronauts returning from the Spacelab I mission
25 - continuation of the interview with Prodi (in v.) on new technologies and sectoral specialization in the test room
29 - interview with Cereti, head of Aeritalia ? in v.
22 - electromechanical control unit with cordons of wires
33 - drift of the 767 and other aeronautical structures of entirely Italian design, such as the ETR 42
18 - Moscow shows the camera a current account coupon for the payment of Irpef / Ilor fees compiled with manuscript alphabetical information
7 - Mario Pirani interview Prodi on the situation of IRI and Italian heavy industry (in v.)
15 - machinery automatically sorts mail with a speed of ten letters per second (i.e. 30,000 letters per hour) with automatic address reading.
1 - Romano Prodi's office at IRI: interview (in v.) on the debt situation and the need for employment cuts to ensure the survival of the Institute
9 - chimney chamber, silos and blast furnaces
5 - speech by Prodi (in v.)
41 - stages of human processing
39 - laser sheet cutting phases
35 - computer design videography
34 - air force tornado in flight
32 - biturbus airborne propeller
31 - aircraft portions G 222
27 - Prodi shakes hands with commander young
21 - Proteo UT electronics control unit 10 / 3
19 - stages of graphic processing
12 - technician follows data on monitor
37 - autochad machinery designs chassis designs.
3 - the head of state shakes hands with the dean of the diplomatic corps, the ministers Pandolfi and Spadolini, the president of the constitutional court Elia, and embraces the Cardinal vicar Poletti
38 - Moroni illustrates the technological novelties in the Alfa Romeo industry (in v.)
24 - Italtel (plant near Milan) workers work on electronic circuits
28 - sequences of a NASA film about the departure of the space mission
17 - automatic reading illustration for automated marshaling to postmen
1 - Ufficio di Romano Prodi all' IRI: intervista (in v.) sulla situazione debitoria e la necessità di tagli occupazionali per garantire la sopravvivenza dell'Istituto
2 - sui titoli di testa la voce di Bruno Vespa, giornalista RAI, commenta l'arrivo del presidente Pertini all'Auditorium Iri in occasione del 50° anniversario di fondazione dell'istituto
3 - il capo dello stato stringe la mano al decano del corpo diplomatico, ai ministri Pandolfi e Spadolini, al presidente della corte costituzionale Elia, ed abbraccia il cardinale vicario Poletti
4 - in sala sono presenti, tra gli altri esponenti del governo e della pubblica amministrazione, Craxi e Ferrari Aggradi, Berlinguer
5 - intervento di Prodi (in v.)
6 - tra i dirigenti dell'Iri inq Silvano Allevi, direttore del dipartimento Amministrazione, Michele Tedeschi, capo del personale, Veniero Ajmone Marzan, direttore Ufficio Studi e Strategie
7 - Mario Pirani intervista Prodi sulla situazione dell'IRI e dell'industria pesante italiana (in v.)
8 - Noce interviene sulla crisi dell'industria siderurgica italiana sullo sfondo di un stabilimento, forse l'Ilva di Taranto, e sulle necessità di riconversione industriale e di sfoltimento della forza lavoro (in v.)
9 - camera car ciminiere, silos e altiforni
10 - sala di controllo con apparecchiature elettroniche e schermi TV
11 - operai seguono fasi automatizzate della produzione siderurgica
12 - tecnico segue dati su monitor
13 - Noce illustra il funzionamento della macchina per la colata continua (in v.) e altre fasi della lavorazione siderurgica
14 - Pirani prosegue l'intervista a Prodi, che spiega la struttura dell'Iri e l'andamento del fatturato (bilancio provvisorio) dell'Istituto avvalendosi di cartine e schemi su PC (in v.)
15 - macchinario smista automaticamente la posta con una velocità di dieci lettere al secondo (vale a dire 30.000 lettere all'ora) con lettura automatica degli indirizzi
16 - Mosca spiega al microfono la tecnologia dei progetti realizzati per le poste statunitensi e quelle italiane
17 - illustrazione della lettura automatica per lo smistamento automatizzato ai portalettere
18 - Mosca mostra alla telecamera un tagliando di conto corrente per il versamento delle tasse Irpef / Ilor compilate con informazioni alfabetonumeriche manoscritte
19 - fasi dell'elaborazione grafica
20 - Centrale della Sip "Volta": macchinario Elsag per la lettura automatica dei contatori, fotografati alla velocità di 200.000 cifre l'ora, e la confezione automatica delle bollette
21 - centralina elettronica Proteo UT 10/3
22 - centralina elettromeccanica con cordoni di fili
23 - dichiarazioni di Marisa Bellisario sulle applicazioni tecnologiche elettroniche ed elettromeccaniche al settore della telefonia
24 - lavoratrici dell'Italtel (stabilimento nei pressi di Milano) lavorano su circuiti elettronici
25 - prosecuzione dell'intervista a Prodi (in v.) sulle nuove tecnologie e la specializzazione settoriale in sala test
26 - uffici Iri di via Veneto: incontro con gli astronauti americani di ritorno dalla missione Spacelab I
27 - Prodi stringe la mano al comandante Young
28 - sequenze di un film Nasa sulla partenza della missione spaziale
29 - intervista a Cereti, responsabile Aeritalia ? in v.
30 - fusoliera del modulo Spacelab ed altri apparecchi in costruzione
31 - porzioni di aereo G 222
32 - velivolo biturbo elica da trasporto in volo
33 - deriva del 767 e altre strutture aeronautiche di progettazione interamente italiana, come l'ETR 42
34 - Tornado dell'Aeronautica militare in volo
35 - videografica di progettazione su computer
36 - fasi della realizzazione manuale dei sofisticati apparecchi di volo
37 - macchinario autocad disegna progetti di chassis
38 - Moroni illustra le novità tecnologiche nell'industria Alfa Romeo (in v.)
39 - fasi del taglio laser delle lamiere
40 - robot al lavoro sulla linea di assemblaggio delle scocche della "Giulietta"
41 - fasi della lavorazione umana
42 - le operazioni di rifinitura sono affidate alla qualità dell'esecuzione umana
43 - Prodi commenta i fenomeni della modernizzazione industriale e le ripercussioni sull'occupazione (in v.)
Fotografia ; ritratto da solo in interno ; Segnatura olim AR_ 6977
'note ai nomi:' Anonimo, incerto
Photograph; portrait alone in the interior; SegFolim AR _ 6977
Fotografia ; ritratto da solo in ...interno ; Segnatura olim AR_ 6977
Fotografia ; ritratto da solo in interno ; Segnatura olim AR_6977 ; Sul verso a penna: Pirani
Fotografia ; ritratto da solo in interno ; Segnatura olim AR_6977 ; Sul verso a penna: Pirani
'note ai ...nomi:' Pagliano & Ricordi, fotografo
Photograph; portrait alone in the interior; SegFolim AR _ 6977; on the front dedication autograph: Eugenio Pirani to/his illustrious friend/Giulio Ricordi/Berlin 1884; date indicated by autograph ...dedication on the front of photography
Fotografia ; ritratto da solo in interno ; Segnatura olim AR_ 6977 ; sul recto dedica autografa: Eugenio Pirani al / suo illustre amico / Giulio Ricordi / Berlino 1884 ; Data indicata da dedica autografa sul recto della fotografia
Fotografia ; ritratto da solo in interno ; Segnatura olim AR_ 6977 ; sul recto dedica autografa: Eugenio Pirani al / suo illustre amico / Giulio Ricordi / Berlino 1884 ; Data indicata da dedica autografa sul recto della fotografia
'note ai nomi:' Giuseppe e Luigi Vianelli alias Fratelli Vianelli, fotografi
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